Exposure

• Microelectronic Manufacturing
• Phosphate Fertilizer Manufacturing
• Household Rust Removers: mixture with chlorine-containing household bleach can result in the release of chlorine and hydrogen fluoride
• Pyrolysis of Fluorinated Polymers
• Aluminum Smelting: chronic exposure may also occur in this industry
• Breakdown of Sulfur Hexafluoride: an electrical insulting liquid chemical used in equipment

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Physiology

• Hydrofluoric Acid Aerosol or Vapor Inhalation

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Clinical Presentations

Pulmonary Manifestations

• Acute Lung Injury-ARDS (see Acute Lung Injury-ARDS, [[Acute Lung Injury-ARDS]])
• Bronchiolitis Obliterans (see Bronchiolitis Obliterans, [[Bronchiolitis Obliterans]])
• Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (see Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome, [[Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome]])

Other Manifestations

• Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia, [[Hypocalcemia]])

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Treatment

• Steroids: may be beneficial in acute lung injury, but unproven

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References

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