Etiology
-
Vasospastic
- Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon
- Drug-induced Raynaud’s
- Ergots
- Methysergide
- ß-blockers
- Pheochromocytoma
- Carcinoid syndrome
-
Structural
- Large artery obstruction (usually unilateral)
- Small-vessel disease
- Vibrating tools
- Arteriosclerosis
- Thromboangiitis Obliterans
- Frostbite
- PVC disease
- Chemo
- Diffuse connective tissue diseases
- Scleroderma
-
Hematologic
- Cryoproteins
- Hyperviscosity syndrome
- Cold agglutinin disease
- Polycythemia
References
- xxx