Etiology

• Vasospastic

  • Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Drug-induced Raynaud’s
    • Ergots
    • Methysergide
    • ß-blockers
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Carcinoid syndrome

• Structural

  • Large artery obstruction (usually unilateral)
  • Small-vessel disease
    • Vibrating tools
    • Arteriosclerosis
    • Thromboangiitis Obliterans
  • Frostbite
  • PVC disease
  • Chemo
  • Diffuse connective tissue diseases
    • Scleroderma

• Hematologic

  • Cryoproteins
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome
  • Cold agglutinin disease
  • Polycythemia

References

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