Epidemiology

• History: historically, milk alkali syndrome was initially described as a complication of milk and antacid therapy for peptic ulcer disease
• Most Current Cases: most current cases are associated with the ingestion of calcium supplements (with or without vitamin D)

---

Etiology

• xxx

---

Physiology

• Mechanisms
  • Hypercalcemia Enhances Renal Hydrogen Ion Secretion
  • Hypovolemia Results in Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate, Impairing Renal Bicarbonate Excretion
  • Alkalosis Further Enhances Renal Calcium Reabsorption, Exacerbating the Hypercalcemia

---

Diagnosis

• xxx

---

Clinical Manifestations

Renal Manifestations

Metabolic Alkalosis (see Metabolic Alkalosis, [[Metabolic Alkalosis]])

• Epidemiology
• Clinical

Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA) (see Metabolic Acidosis-Normal Anion Gap, [[Metabolic Acidosis-Normal Anion Gap]])

• Clinical
  • Type 1 Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) (see Type 1 Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis, [[Type 1 Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis]])

Other Manifestations

• xxx

---

Treatment

• xxx

---

References

• xxx