Etiology

Obstructive Lung Disease (see Obstructive Lung Disease, [[Obstructive Lung Disease]])

Tracheobronchial Central Airway Obstruction (see Central Airway Obstruction, [[Central Airway Obstruction]])

• Tracheobronchial Infection
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tracheobronchitis (see Herpes Simplex Virus, [[Herpes Simplex Virus]])
  • Klebsiella Rhinoscleroma (see Klebsiella Rhinoscleroma, [[Klebsiella Rhinoscleroma]])
  • Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (see Mycobacterium Avium Complex, [[Mycobacterium Avium Complex]])
  • Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis (see Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis, [[Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis]])
  • Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]])
• Tracheobronchial Neoplasm
  • Primary Tracheobronchial Tumor
    • Acinar Cell Carcinoma (see Acinar Cell Carcinoma, [[Acinar Cell Carcinoma]])
    • Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (see Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, [[Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma]])
    • Bronchial Adenoma (see Bronchial Adenoma, [[Bronchial Adenoma]])
    • Bronchial Cystadenoma (see Bronchial Cystadenoma, [[Bronchial Cystadenoma]])
    • Bronchial Carcinoid (see Bronchial Carcinoid, [[Bronchial Carcinoid]])
    • Carcinosarcoma (see Carcinosarcoma, [[Carcinosarcoma]])
    • Chemodectoma (see Chemodectoma, [[Chemodectoma]])
    • Chondroma (see Chondroma, [[Chondroma]])
    • Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (see Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma, [[Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma]])
    • Fibroma (see Fibroma, [[Fibroma]])
    • Fibrous Histiocytoma or Xanthoma (see Fibrous Histiocytoma or Xanthoma, [[Fibrous Histiocytoma or Xanthoma]])
    • Glomus Tumor (see Glomus Tumor, [[Glomus Tumor]])
    • Granular Cell Myoblastoma (see Granular Cell Myoblastoma, [[Granular Cell Myoblastoma]])
    • Hamartoma (see Hamartoma, [[Hamartoma]])
    • Inflammatory Tracheobronchial Papilloma (see Inflammatory Tracheobronchial Papilloma, [[Inflammatory Tracheobronchial Papilloma]])
    • Leiomyoma (see Leiomyoma, [[Leiomyoma]])
    • Lipoma (see Lipoma, [[Lipoma]])
    • Lung Cancer (see Lung Cancer, [[Lung Cancer]]): common etiology
    • Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (see Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis, [[Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis]])
    • Malignant Myoepithelioma (see Malignant Myoepithelioma, [[Malignant Myoepithelioma]])
    • Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (see Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma, [[Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma]])
    • Mucoid Pseudotumor (see Mucoid Pseudotumor, [[Mucoid Pseudotumor]])
    • Multiple Laryngeal Papillomatosis (see Multiple Laryngeal Papillomatosis, [[Multiple Laryngeal Papillomatosis]])
    • Myxoma (see Myxoma, [[Myxoma]])
    • Neurofibroma (see Neurofibroma, [[Neurofibroma]])
    • Oncocytic Carcinoma
    • Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma
    • Plasma Cell Granuloma (see Plasma Cell Granuloma, [[Plasma Cell Granuloma]])
    • Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin’s Disease (see Primary Pulmonary Hodgkins Disease, [[Primary Pulmonary Hodgkins Disease]])
    • Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma (see Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma, [[Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma]])
    • Primary Pulmonary Melanoma (see Primary Pulmonary Melanoma, [[Primary Pulmonary Melanoma]])
    • Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma (see Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma, [[Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma]])
    • Sebaceous Carcinoma (see Sebaceous Carcinoma, [[Sebaceous Carcinoma]])
    • Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma (see Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma, [[Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma]])
    • Tracheal Chondrosarcoma (see Chondrosarcoma, [[Chondrosarcoma]])
    • Tracheal Squamous Cell Cancer (see Tracheal Squamous Cell Cancer, [[Tracheal Squamous Cell Cancer]])
  • Endobronchial Metastases (see also Lung Metastases-Endobronchial, [[Lung Metastases-Endobronchial]])
    • Breast Cancer (see Breast Cancer, [[Breast Cancer]])
    • Cervical Cancer (see Cervical Cancer, [[Cervical Cancer]])
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) (see Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, [[Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia]])
    • Colorectal Cancer (see Colorectal Cancer, [[Colorectal Cancer]])
    • Endometrioma (see Endometrioma, [[Endometrioma]])
    • Esophageal Cancer (see Esophageal Cancer, [[Esophageal Cancer]])
    • Germ Cell Tumor (see Germ Cell Tumor, [[Germ Cell Tumor]])
    • Head and Neck Cancer (see Head and Neck Cancer, [[Head and Neck Cancer]])
    • Hodgkin’s Disease (see Hodgkins Disease, [[Hodgkins Disease]])
    • Kaposi Sarcoma (see Kaposi Sarcoma, [[Kaposi Sarcoma]])
    • Lymphoma (see Lymphoma, [[Lymphoma]])
    • Melanoma (see Melanoma, [[Melanoma]])
    • Ovarian Cancer (see Ovarian Cancer, [[Ovarian Cancer]])
    • Plasmacytoma (see Multiple Myeloma, [[Multiple Myeloma]])
    • Renal Cell Cancer (see Renal Cancer, [[Renal Cancer]])
    • Sarcoma
    • Testicular Cancer (see Testicular Cancer, [[Testicular Cancer]])
    • Thymic Carcinoma (see Thymoma, [[Thymoma]])
    • Thyroid Cancer (see Thyroid Cancer, [[Thyroid Cancer]])
    • Urothelial Cell Carcinoma (Transitional Cell Carcinoma) (see Urothelial Cell Carcinoma, [[Urothelial Cell Carcinoma]])
      • Bladder Cancer (see Bladder Cancer, [[Bladder Cancer]])
      • Renal Cancer (see Renal Cancer, [[Renal Cancer]])
      • Ureteral Cancer (see Ureteral Cancer, [[Ureteral Cancer]])
      • Urethral Cancer (see Urethral Cancer, [[Urethral Cancer]])
• Extrinsic Tracheobronchial Compression
  • Enlarged Pulmonary Artery
    • Tetralogy of Fallot (see Tetralogy of Fallot, [[Tetralogy of Fallot]])
    • Transposition of Great Vessles with Ventricular Septal Defect
  • Granulomatous Mediastinitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis (see Granulomatous Mediastinitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis, [[Granulomatous Mediastinitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis]])
  • Mediastinal Mass (see Mediastinal Mass, [[Mediastinal Mass]]): extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
    • Bulky Mediastinal or Peribronchial Lymphadenopathy
      • Cancer
      • Hodgkin’s Disease (see Hodgkin’s Disease, [[Hodgkins Disease]])
      • Lymphoma (see Lymphoma, [[Lymphoma]])
      • Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]]): involvement of mediastinal nodes may compress RML bronchus
      • Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
    • Mediastinal Tumor
  • Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) (see Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm, [[Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm]]): extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
  • Thyroid Cancer/Thyromegaly/Goiter (see Goiter, [[Goiter]] and Thyroid Cancer, [[Thyroid Cancer]])
• Other Tracheobronchial Obstructive Process
  • Airway Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body, [[Airway Foreign Body]])
  • Blood Clot
  • Bronchial Stenosis (see Bronchial Stenosis, [[Bronchial Stenosis]])
  • Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (see Bronchocentric Granulomatosis, [[Bronchocentric Granulomatosis]])
  • Broncholithiasis (see Broncholithiasis, [[Broncholithiasis]])
  • Bronchopulmonary Amyloidosis (see Amyloidosis, [[Amyloidosis]])
  • Goiter
  • Granulation Tissue
    • Airway Foreign Body
    • Airway Stent
    • Endotracheal Tube
    • Surgical Airway Anastomosis (see Lung Transplant, [[Lung Transplant]])
    • Tracheostomy Tube (see Tracheostomy, [[Tracheostomy]])
  • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis) (see Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, [[Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis]])
  • Hunter’s Syndrome
  • Hurler’s Syndrome
  • Mucous Plug (see Mucous Plug, [[Mucous Plug]])
  • Mucoid Impaction (see Mucoid Impaction, [[Mucoid Impaction]])
  • Post-Extubation Tracheal Edema
  • Post-Pneumonectomy Syndrome (see Post-Pneumonectomy Syndrome, [[Post-Pneumonectomy Syndrome]])
  • Post-Radiation Therapy (see Radiation Therapy, [[Radiation Therapy]])
  • Relapsing Polychondritis (see Relapsing Polychondritis, [[Relapsing Polychondritis]])
  • Saber Sheath Trachea (see Saber Sheath Trachea, [[Saber Sheath Trachea]])
  • Smoke Inhalation (see Smoke Inhalation, [[Smoke Inhalation]])
  • Toxic Fume Airway Injury
  • Tracheal Cyst (see Tracheal Cyst, [[Tracheal Cyst]])
  • Tracheal Stenosis (see Tracheal Stenosis, [[Tracheal Stenosis]])
  • Tracheal Trauma
  • Tracheobronchial Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body, [[Airway Foreign Body]])
  • Tracheobronchial Fracture (see Tracheobronchial Fracture, [[Tracheobronchial Fracture]])
  • Tracheoesophageal Fistula (see Tracheoesophageal Fistula, [[Tracheoesophageal Fistula]])
  • Tracheobronchomalacia (see Tracheobronchomalacia, [[Tracheobronchomalacia]])
  • Tracheobronchial Web
  • Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (see Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica, [[Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica]])

Other Airway Obstruction

• Infection
  • Scombroid (see Scombroid, [[Scombroid]])
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tracheobronchitis (see Herpes Simplex Virus, [[Herpes Simplex Virus]])
  • Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (see Chlamydophila Pneumoniae, [[Chlamydophila Pneumoniae]])
• Drug
  • Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction (see Abacavir, [[Abacavir]])
  • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (see Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, [[Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors]])
  • Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair) (see Aclidinium, [[Aclidinium]])
  • Adenosine (see Adenosine, [[Adenosine]])
  • Benzylisoquinolinium Neuromuscular Junction Antagonists (see Neuromuscular Junction Antagonists, [[Neuromuscular Junction Antagonists]]): mediated via histamine release
    • Alcuronium
    • Atracurium (Tracrium) (see Atracurium, [[Atracurium]])
    • Cisatracurium (see Cisatracurium, [[Cisatracurium]])
    • Doxacurium (see Doxacurium, [[Doxacurium]])
    • Mivacurium (see Mivacurium, [[Mivacurium]])
    • Tubocurarine
  • Beta Blockers (see β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists, [[β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists]])
  • Bronchodilator Agents Which Have Been Associated with Paradoxical Bronchospasm
    • Albuterol (Ventolin) (see Albuterol, [[Albuterol]])
    • Tiotropium (Spiriva) (see Tiotropium, [[Tiotropium]])
    • Tiotropium + Olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) (see Tiotropium + Olodaterol, [[Tiotropium + Olodaterol]])
  • Cetuximab (Erbitux) (see Cetuximab, [[Cetuximab]])
  • Cytokine Release Syndrome (see Cytokine Release Syndrome, [[Cytokine Release Syndrome]]): occurs with the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies
    • Alemtuzumab (Campath, MabCampath, Campath-1H, Lemtrada) (see Alemtuzumab, [[Alemtuzumab]])
    • Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) (see Anti-Thymocyte Globulin, [[Anti-Thymocyte Globulin]])
    • Lenalidomide (Revlimid) (see Lenalidomide, [[Lenalidomide]])
    • Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) (see Muromonab-CD3, [[Muromonab-CD3]])
    • Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin, Oxaliplatin Medac) (see Oxaliplatin, [[Oxaliplatin]])
    • Rituximab (Rituxan) (see Anti-CD20 Therapy, [[Anti-CD20 Therapy]])
  • Gemcitabine (see Gemcitabine, [[Gemcitabine]])
  • Interferon-Alpha (see Interferon, [[Interferon]])
  • Paclitaxel (see Paclitaxel, [[Paclitaxel]])
  • Mitomycin C (see Mitomycin, [[Mitomycin]])
  • N-Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote, Fluimucil, Parvolex) (see N-Acetylcysteine, [[N-Acetylcysteine)
  • Nitrofurantoin (see Nitrofurantoin, [[Nitrofurantoin]])
  • Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) (see Ocrelizumab, [[Ocrelizumab]])
    • Epidemiology: bronchospasm may occur as a feature of infusion reaction
  • Opiates (see Opiates, [[Opiates]])
    • Codeine (see Codeine, [[Codeine]])
    • Fentanyl (see Fentanyl, [[Fentanyl]])
    • Meperidine (Demerol) (see Meperidine, [[Meperidine]])
    • Morphine (see Morphine, [[Morphine]])
  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) (see Paclitaxel, [[Paclitaxel]])
  • Panitumumab (Vectibix) (see Panitumumab, [[Panitumumab]])
  • Rasburicase (Elitek) (see Rasburicase, [[Rasburicase]])
  • Ribavirin (see Ribavirin, [[Ribavirin]])
  • Teniposide (Vumon, VM-26) (see Teniposide, [[Teniposide]])
  • Trastuzumab (Herceptin) (see Trastuzumab, [[Trastuzumab]])
  • Vinblastine (see Vinblastine, [[Vinblastine]])
  • Zanamivir (Relenza) (see Zanamivir, [[Zanamivir]])
• Toxin
  • Acetic Acid Inhalation (see Acetic Acid, [[Acetic Acid]])
  • Ammonia Inhalation (see Ammonia, [[Ammonia]])
  • Bromine Inhalation/Methyl Bromide Inhalation (see Bromine-Methyl Bromide, [[Bromine-Methyl Bromide]])
  • Chlorine Gas/Aerosol Inhalation (see Chlorine, [[Chlorine]])
  • Chloropicrin Gas Inhalation (see Chloropicrin Gas, [[Chloropicrin Gas]])
  • Cholinergic Intoxication (see Cholinergic Intoxication, [[Cholinergic Intoxication]])
    • Cigua Toxin Poisoning (see Cigua Toxin Poisoning, [[Cigua Toxin Poisoning]])
    • Organophosphate/Carbamate Intoxication (see Organophosphates-Carbamates, [[Organophosphates-Carbamates]])
    • Scorpion Sting (see Scorpion Sting, [[Scorpion Sting]])
      • Associated Scorpion Species
      • Centuroides Exilicauda (Sculpuratus)
      • Centuroides Suffusus
    • Toxic Mushrooms (see Toxic Mushrooms, [[Toxic Mushrooms]])
      • Associated Mushrooms
      • Boletus Calopus
      • Clitocybe Dealbata
      • Clitocybe Illudens
      • Inocybe Fastigiata
  • Chromic Acid Inhalation (see Chromic Acid, [[Chromic Acid]])
  • Diborane Gas Inhalation (see Diborane Gas, [[Diborane Gas]])
  • Dinitrogen Tetroxide Inhalation (see Dinitrogen Tetroxide, [[Dinitrogen Tetroxide]])
  • Hydrofluoric Acid Inhalation (see Hydrofluoric Acid, [[Hydrofluoric Acid]])
  • Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Inhalation (see Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, [[Hydrogen Sulfide Gas]])
  • Metal Fume Fever (see Metal Fume Fever, [[Metal Fume Fever]])
  • Methamphetamine (see Methamphetamine, [[Methamphetamine]])
  • Methyl Isocyanate Inhalation (see Methyl Isocyanate, [[Methyl Isocyanate]])
  • Methyl Isothiocyanate Inhalation (see Methyl Isothiocyanate, [[Methyl Isothiocyanate]])
  • Neurotoxic Shellfish Inhalation (see Neurotoxic Shellfish, [[Neurotoxic Shellfish]])
  • Nitric Acid Inhalation (see Nitric Acid, [[Nitric Acid]])
  • Nitrogen Dioxide Inhalation (see Nitrogen Dioxide, [[Nitrogen Dioxide]])
  • Ozone Inhalation (see Ozone, [[Ozone]])
  • Phosgene Gas Inhalation (see Phosgene Gas, [[Phosgene Gas]])
  • Phosphine Gas Inhalation (see Phosphine Gas, [[Phosphine Gas]])
  • Polymer Fume Fever (see Polymer Fume Fever, [[Polymer Fume Fever]])
  • Smoke Inhalation (see Smoke Inhalation, [[Smoke Inhalation]])
  • Sulfur Dioxide Inhalation (see Sulfur Dioxide, [[Sulfur Dioxide]])
  • Sulfuric Acid Inhalation (see Sulfuric Acid, [[Sulfuric Acid]])
  • Sulfur Mustard Gas Inhalation (see Sulfur Mustard Gas, [[Sulfur Mustard Gas]])
  • Tear Gas Inhalation (see Tear Gas, [[Tear Gas]])
  • VX Nerve Agent (see VX Nerve Agent, [[VX Nerve Agent]])
  • Zinc Chloride Gas Inhalation (Smoke Bomb Exposure) (see Zinc Chloride Gas, [[Zinc Chloride Gas]])
• Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia (PIE) Syndrome (see Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia, [[Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia]])
  • Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia, [[Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia]])
  • Acute Lung Transplant Rejection (Acute Cellular Lung Transplant Rejection) (see Acute Lung Transplant Rejection, [[Acute Lung Transplant Rejection]])
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) (see Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis, [[Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis]])
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Candidiasis (see Candida, [[Candida]])
  • Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (see Bronchocentric Granulomatosis, [[Bronchocentric Granulomatosis]])
  • Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia, [[Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia]])
  • Dirofilariasis (see Dirofilariasis, [[Dirofilariasis]])
  • Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia (see Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
  • Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome (see Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome, [[Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome]])
  • Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Allergic Angiitis and Granulomatosis) (see Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, [[Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis]])
  • Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (see Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, [[Hypereosinophilic Syndrome]])
  • Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
  • Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Loffler’s Syndrome) (see Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
  • Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Occult Filariasis) (see Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
  • Visceral Larva Migrans (see Visceral Larva Migrans, [[Visceral Larva Migrans]])
  • Other Infections
    • Brucellosis (see Brucellosis, [[Brucellosis]])
    • Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis, [[Coccidioidomycosis]])
    • Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis, [[Cryptococcosis]])
    • Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis, [[Echinococcosis]])
    • Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis, [[Histoplasmosis]])
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus, [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]])
    • Mycobacterium Simiae (see Mycobacterium Simiae, [[Mycobacterium Simiae]])
    • Paragonimiasis (see Paragonimiasis, [[Paragonimiasis]])
    • Schistosomiasis (see Schistosomiasis, [[Schistosomiasis]])
    • Trichinosis (see Trichinosis, [[Trichinosis]])
    • Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]])
• Bronchiolitis Syndrome
  • Bronchiolitis (see Bronchiolitis, [[Bronchiolitis]])
  • Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) (see Bronchiolitis Obliterans, [[Bronchiolitis Obliterans]])
  • Follicular Bronchiolitis (see Follicular Bronchiolitis, [[Follicular Bronchiolitis]])
  • Diffuse Panbronchiolitis (see Diffuse Panbronchiolitis, [[Diffuse Panbronchiolitis]])
• Other
  • Acute Pulmonary Embolism (see Acute Pulmonary Embolism, [[Acute Pulmonary Embolism]])
  • Air Embolism (see Air Embolism, [[Air Embolism]])
  • Airway Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body, [[Airway Foreign Body]])
  • Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (see Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, [[Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency]])
  • Anaphylaxis (see Anaphylaxis, [[Anaphylaxis]])
  • Asthma (see Asthma, [[Asthma]])
  • Beta Thalassemia Major (see Thalassemias, [[Thalassemias]])
  • Bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis, [[Bronchiectasis]])
  • Byssinosis (see Byssinosis, [[Byssinosis]])
  • Cardiac Asthma (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])
  • Cholinergic Intoxication (see Cholinergic Intoxication, [[Cholinergic Intoxication]])
  • Chronic Berylliosis (see Beryllium, [[Beryllium]])
  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) (see Chronic Granulomatous Disease, [[Chronic Granulomatous Disease]])
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (see Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]])
  • Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (see Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema, [[Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema]])
  • Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) (see Common Variable Immunodeficiency, [[Common Variable Immunodeficiency]])
  • Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (see Cystic Fibrosis, [[Cystic Fibrosis]])
  • Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH) (see Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia, [[Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia]])
  • Fabry Disease (see Fabry Disease, [[Fabry Disease]])
  • Foreign Body Granulomatosis (see Foreign Body Granulomatosis, [[Foreign Body Granulomatosis]])
  • Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia, [[Hypocalcemia]])
  • Isolated IgA Deficiency (see Isolated IgA Deficiency, [[Isolated IgA Deficiency]])
  • Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (see Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]])
  • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) (see Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, [[Lymphangioleiomyomatosis]])
  • Marfan Syndrome (see Marfan Syndrome, [[Marfan Syndrome]])
  • Microscopic Polyangiitis (see Microscopic Polyangiitis, [[Microscopic Polyangiitis]])
  • Mineral Dust Airway Disease
  • Occupational Asthma (see Asthma-Occupational, [[Asthma-Occupational]])
  • Post-Infection Obstructive Airways Disease
  • Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (see Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, [[Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia]])
  • Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS) (see Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome, [[Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome]])
  • Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency (see Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency, [[Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency]])
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome (see Sjogrens Syndrome, [[Sjogrens Syndrome]])
  • Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome (see Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome, [[Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome]])
  • Tuberous Sclerosis (see Tuberous Sclerosis, [[Tuberous Sclerosis]])

References

• The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Chest. 1978;73(3):399 [MEDLINE]
• Diagnosis of bronchial asthma by clinical evaluation. An unreliable method. Chest. 1983;84(1):42 [MEDLINE]
• Lung sounds. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130(4):663 [MEDLINE]
• Fundamentals of lung auscultation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):744 [MEDLINE]