Definition
- “Pneumonia”: defined as a an alveolar filling process on an imaging study (chest x-ray or chest CT)
Etiology
Infection
Viral
- Adenovirus (see Adenovirus, [[Adenovirus]])
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)(see Cytomegalovirus, [[Cytomegalovirus]])
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (see Epstein-Barr Virus, [[Epstein-Barr Virus]])
- Hantavirus (see Hantavirus, [[Hantavirus]])
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) (see Herpes Simplex Virus, [[Herpes Simplex Virus]])
- Influenza Virus (see Influenza Virus, [[Influenza Virus]])
- Measles Virus (see Measles Virus, [[Measles Virus]])
- Metapneumovirus (see Metapneumovirus, [[Metapneumovirus]])
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (see Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, [[Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus]])
- Parainfluenza Virus (see Parainfluenza Virus, [[Parainfluenza Virus]])
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (see Respiratory Syncytial Virus, [[Respiratory Syncytial Virus]])
- Rhinovirus (see Rhinovirus, [[Rhinovirus]]): case reports of pneumonia in children/adults (although evidence is uncertain)
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV) (see Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, [[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus]])
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) (see Varicella-Zoster Virus, [[Varicella-Zoster Virus]])
- Acinetobacter (see Acinetobacter, [[Acinetobacter]])
- Actinomycosis (see Actinomycosis, [[Actinomycosis]])
- Brucellosis (see Brucellosis, [[Brucellosis]])
- Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (see Chlamydophila Pneumoniae, [[Chlamydophila Pneumoniae]])
- Citrobacter (see Citrobacter, [[Citrobacter]]): usually hospital-acquired
- Corynebacterium Amycolatum (see Corynebacterium Amycolatum, [[Corynebacterium Amycolatum]])
- Corynebacterium Pseudodiphtheriticum (see Corynebacterium Pseudodiphtheriticum, [[Corynebacterium Pseudodiphtheriticum]])
- Diphtheria (see Diphtheria, [[Diphtheria]])
- Escherichia Coli (see Escherichia Coli, [[Escherichia Coli]])
- Enterobacter (see Enterobacter, [[Enterobacter]])
- Haemophilus Influenzae (see Haemophilus Influenzae, [[Haemophilus Influenzae]])
- Inhalational Anthrax (see Anthrax, [[Anthrax]])
- Etiology: Bacillus Anthracis
- Klebsiella Pneumoniae (see Klebsiella Pneumoniae, [[Klebsiella Pneumoniae]])
- Legionellosis (see Legionellosis, [[Legionellosis]])
- Lemierre’s Syndrome (see Lemierres Syndrome, [[Lemierres Syndrome]])
- Listeriosis (see Listeriosis, [[Listeriosis]])
- Melioidosis (see Melioidosis, [[Melioidosis]])
- Etiology: Burkholderia Pseudomallei
- Moraxella Catarrhalis (see Moraxella Catarrhalis, [[Moraxella Catarrhalis]])
- Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (see Mycobacterium Avium Complex, [[Mycobacterium Avium Complex]])
- Mycobacterium Kansasii (see Mycobacterium Kansasii, [[Mycobacterium Kansasii]])
- Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (see Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, [[Mycoplasma Pneumoniae]])
- Nocardiosis (see Nocardiosis, [[Nocardiosis]])
- Pertussis (see Pertussis, [[Pertussis]])
- Etiology: Bordetella Pertussis
- Plague (see Plague, [[Plague]])
- Etiology: Yersinia Pestis
- Post-Obstructive Pneumonia (see Post-Obstructive Pneumonia, [[Post-Obstructive Pneumonia]])
- Pseudomonas (see Pseudomonas, [[Pseudomonas]])
- Psittacosis (see Psittacosis, [[Psittacosis]])
- Etiology: Chlamydophila Psittaci
- Q Fever (see Q Fever, [[Q Fever]])
- Etiology: Coxiella Burnetti
- Rhodococcus Equi (see Rhodococcus Equi, [[Rhodococcus Equi]])
- Septic Embolism (see Septic Embolism, [[Septic Embolism]])
- Serratia Marcescens (see Serratia Marcescens, [[Serratia Marcescens]])
- Staphylococcus Aureus (see Staphylococcus Aureus, [[Staphylococcus Aureus]])
- Streptococcus Pyogenes (see Streptococcus Pyogenes, [[Streptococcus Pyogenes]])
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) (see Streptococcus Pneumoniae, [[Streptococcus Pneumoniae]])
- Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia (see Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia, [[Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia]])
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]])
- Etiology: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Tularemia (see Tularemia, [[Tularemia]])
- Etiology: Francisella Tularensis
Fungal
- Blastomycosis (see Blastomycosis, [[Blastomycosis]])
- Candida/Bronchopulmonary Candidiasis (see Candida, [[Candida]])
- Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (see Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis, [[Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis]])
- Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis, [[Coccidioidomycosis]])
- Etiology: Coccidioides Immitis
- Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis, [[Cryptococcosis]])
- Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis, [[Histoplasmosis]])
- Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (see Invasive Aspergillosis, [[Invasive Aspergillosis]])
- Mucoid Impaction (see Mucoid Impaction, [[Mucoid Impaction]])
- Mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis, [[Mucormycosis]])
- Pneumocystis Jirovecii (see Pneumocystis Jirovecii, [[Pneumocystis Jirovecii]])
- Scedosporiosis (see Scedosporiosis, [[Scedosporiosis]])
Parasitic
Aspiration
- Aspiration Pneumonia (see Aspiration Pneumonia, [[Aspiration Pneumonia]])
- Barium Aspiration (see Barium, [[Barium]])
- Gastrograffin Aspiration (see Gastrograffin, [[Gastrograffin]])
- Near Drowning (see Near Drowning, [[Near Drowning]])
- Hydrocarbon Aspiration Pneumonitis (see Hydrocarbons, [[Hydrocarbons]])
- Talcum Powder Aspiration (see Talc, [[Talc]])
Neoplasm
Connective Tissue Disease
Lung Transplant-Associated (see Lung Transplant, [[Lung Transplant]])
Trauma (see Trauma, [[Trauma]])
- Burns (see Burns, [[Burns]])
- Blast Injury: due to explosion or lightning
- Blunt Thoracic Trauma (see Blunt Thoracic Trauma, [[Blunt Thoracic Trauma]])
- Fat Embolism (see Fat Embolism, [[Fat Embolism]])
Mechanical Pulmonary Edema (see Mechanical Pulmonary Edema, [[Mechanical Pulmonary Edema]])
- Upper Airway Obstruction (see Obstructive Lung Disease, [[Obstructive Lung Disease]])
- Overdistention Pulmonary Edema
- Post-Pneumonectomy Pulmonary Edema
- Re-Expansion Pulmonary Edema
Hemodynamic Disturbance
Hematologic Disorder
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema (see Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema, [[Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema]])
Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia (see Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia, [[Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia]])
Eosinophilic Pulmonary Syndromes of Known Etiology
Parasitic Infection
- General Comments: parasite-associated eosinophilic pneumonias represent the most common etiologies of pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia worldwide
- Capillaria Aerophila (see Capillariasis, [[Capillariasis]])
- Epidemiology: rare etiology of eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates
- Clonorchis Sinensis (see Clonorchiasis, [[Clonorchiasis]])
- Epidemiology: rare etiology of eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates
- Dirofilariasis (see Dirofilariasis, [[Dirofilariasis]])
- Clinical: eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates
- Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis, [[Echinococcosis]])
- Paragonimiasis (see Paragonimiasis, [[Paragonimiasis]])
- Epidemiology: rare etiology of eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates
- Schistosomiasis (see Schistosomiasis, [[Schistosomiasis]]): the manifestations of schistosomiasis in the lung vary dependent on the stage of disease
- Early Acute Schistosomiasis: transient, multiple small pulmonary nodules with peripheral eosinophilia
- Chronic Schistosomiasis: embolization of ova in small arteries of the lung results in granuloma formation, occlusion and remodeling of pulmonary arteries, and further pulmonary hypertension mediared by portopulmonary hypertension
- Post-Treatment of Schistosomiasis: eosinophilic pneumonitis (lung shift, verminous pneumonia, reactionary Loffler-like pneumonitis) due to antigen release following treatment
- Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Loffler Syndrome) (see Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
- Ascaris Lumbricoides (or Ascaris Suum): most common etiology of simple pulmonary eosinophilia (Loffler syndrome)
- Necator Americanus
- Ancylostoma Duodenale
- Ancylostoma Brazliense or Canium
- Entamoeba Histolytica
- Fasciola Hepatica
- Schistosomiasis (see Schistosomiasis, [[Schistosomiasis]]): the manifestations of schistosomiasis in the lung vary dependent on the stage of disease
- Early Acute Schistosomiasis: transient, multiple small pulmonary nodules with peripheral eosinophilia
- Chronic Schistosomiasis: embolization of ova in small arteries of the lung results in granuloma formation, occlusion and remodeling of pulmonary arteries, and further pulmonary hypertension mediared by portopulmonary hypertension
- Post-Treatment of Schistosomiasis: eosinophilic pneumonitis (lung shift, verminous pneumonia, reactionary Loffler-like pneumonitis) due to antigen release following treatment
- Strongyloides Stercoralis: simple pulmonary eosinophilia (Loffler syndrome) may occur when larvae migrate through the lungs after acute infection
- Strongyloides Stercoralis Hyperinfection Syndrome (see Strongyloides Stercoralis, [[Strongyloides Stercoralis]])
- Epidemiology: occurs in 20% of patients hospitalized with strongyloidiasis and coexisting chronic lung disease (COPD, asthma)
- Diagnosis: rhabditiform larvae may be recovered via bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial wash, or sputum sample
- Clinical: cough/wheezing/dyspnea with bilateral patchy infiltrates and variable degree of eosinophilia
- Trichinosis (see Trichinosis, [[Trichinosis]])
- Epidemiology: rare etiology of eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates
- Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Occult Filariasis) (see Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
- Wuchereria Bancrofti
- Brugia Malayi
- Brugia Timori
- Visceral Larva Migrans (see Visceral Larva Migrans, [[Visceral Larva Migrans]])
Other Infection
- Aspergillus Niger (see Aspergillus, [[Aspergillus]])
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia
- Bipolaris Australiensis
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia
- Bipolaris Spicera
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia
- Brucellosis (see Brucellosis, [[Brucellosis]])
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia [Eosinophilia and pneumonitis in chronic brucellosis: a report of two cases. Ann Intern Med. 1942;16:995-1001]
- Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis, [[Coccidioidomycosis]])
- Clinical: pronounced peripheral eosinophilia may be an early indicator of dissemination
- Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis, [[Cryptococcosis]])
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia (South Med J, 1995) [MEDLINE]
- Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis, [[Histoplasmosis]])
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus, [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]])
- Influenza Virus (see Influenza Virus, [[Influenza Virus]])
- Epidemiology: may produce eosinophilic pneumonia in some cases
- Mycobacterium Simiae (see Mycobacterium Simiae, [[Mycobacterium Simiae]])
- Epidemiology: case reports of eosinophilic pneumonia (NEJM, 1989) [MEDLINE]
- Pneumocystis Jirovecii (see Pneumocystis Jirovecii, [[Pneumocystis Jirovecii]])
- Epidemiology: BAL eosinophilia has been reported in HIV-associated cases
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (see Respiratory Syncytial Virus, [[Respiratory Syncytial Virus]])
- Epidemiology: may produce eosinophilic pneumonia in some cases
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]])
- Epidemiology: may produce eosinophilic pneumonia in some cases
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Related Syndromes
Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia (see Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia, [[Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia]])
- More Than 80 Drugs/Toxins Have Been Reported to Cause Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Other
- Breast Radiation-Associated Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Radiation Therapy, [[Radiation Therapy]])
- Clinical: chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
- Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome (see Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome, [[Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome]])
- Physiology: due to contaminated L-tryptophan (see L-Tryptophan, [[L-Tryptophan]])
- Toxic Rapeseed Oil Syndrome (see Contaminated Rapeseed Oil, [[Contaminated Rapeseed Oil]])
- Physiology: due to contaminated rapeseed oil
Eosinophilic Pulmonary Syndromes of Unknown Etiology
Other Pulmonary Disorders with Possible Associated Pulmonary Eosinophilia
- Asthma (see Asthma, [[Asthma]])
- Eosinophilic Bronchitis (see Eosinophilic Bronchitis, [[Eosinophilic Bronchitis]])
- Clinical: chronic cough with sputum eosinophilia (about 40%)
- Normal Lung Function with Absence of Bronchial Hyperreactivity: although it may evolve over time into either fixed airflow obstruction without asthma or into true asthma
- Absence of Eosinophilic Pneumonia
- Gastric Cancer with Tumor-Related Production of GM-CSF and IL-5 (see Gastric Cancer, [[Gastric Cancer]])
- Epidemiology: case report
- Hodgkin’s Disease (see Hodgkins Disease, [[Hodgkins Disease]])
- Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
- Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP): mild BAL eosinophilia may occur in some cases
- Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP): mild BAL eosinophilia may occur in some cases
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) (see Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, [[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]): mild BAL eosinophilia may occur in some cases
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) (see Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]])
- Diagnosis: pulmonary pathologic lesions are nodules (with bronchiolocentric stellate shape) with Langerhans cells and variable numbers of eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes
- Eosinophils are Usually Present in the Initial, Active Stage of the Disease: they contribute to the eosinophilic granuloma
- Eosinophils are Numerous in 25% of Cases: usually located at the periphery of the lesions
- Eosinophils are Rare or Absent at the Chronic Stage of the Disease
- Lung Transplant (see Lung Transplant, [[Lung Transplant]])
- Acute Lung Transplant Rejection (Acute Cellular Lung Transplant Rejection) (see Acute Lung Transplant Rejection, [[Acute Lung Transplant Rejection]]): peripheral eosinophilia may occur with/without pulmonary infiltrates (as acute rejection may be detected by surveillance bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy prior to the development of pulmonary infiltrates)
- Organizing Pneumonia (see Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia, [[Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia]])
- Diagnosis: mild BAL eosinophilia may occur in some cases (usually <20%)
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
- Diagnosis: peripheral eosinophilia (and tissue eosinophilia) may be present, but are usually mild
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH)
Drug
- 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (see 5-Fluorouracil, [[5-Fluorouracil]])
- All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) (see All-Trans Retinoic Acid, [[All-Trans Retinoic Acid]])
- Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) (see Aminoglutethimide, [[Aminoglutethimide]])
- Amiodarone (see Amiodarone, [[Amiodarone]])
- Amphotericin (see Amphotericin, [[Amphotericin]])
- Anagrelide (see Anagrelide, [[Anagrelide]])
- Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) Therapy (see Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy, [[Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy]])
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (see Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, [[Bacillus Calmette-Guerin]])
- Barbiturate Intoxication (see Barbiturates, [[Barbiturates]])
- Bleomycin (see Bleomycin, [[Bleomycin]])
- Bortezomib (Velcade) (see Bortezomib, [[Bortezomib]])
- Busulfan (see Busulfan, [[Busulfan]])
- Carbamazepine (see Carbamazepine, [[Carbamazepine]])
- Chlorambucil (see Chlorambucil, [[Chlorambucil]])
- Cetuximab (see Cetuximab, [[Cetuximab]])
- Cocaine (see Cocaine, [[Cocaine]])
- Colchicine (see Colchicine, [[Colchicine]])
- Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) (see Cyclophosphamide, [[Cyclophosphamide]])
- Cytarabine (ARA-C) (see Cytarabine, [[Cytarabine]])
- Cytokine Release Syndrome (see Cytokine Release Syndrome, [[Cytokine Release Syndrome]]): occurs with the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies
- Alemtuzumab (Campath, MabCampath, Campath-1H, Lemtrada) (see Alemtuzumab, [[Alemtuzumab]])
- Anti-CD28 Superantigen
- Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) (see Anti-Thymocyte Globulin, [[Anti-Thymocyte Globulin]])
- Basiliximab (Simulect) (see Basiliximab, [[Basiliximab]])
- Lenalidomide (Revlimid) (see Lenalidomide, [[Lenalidomide]])
- Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) (see Muromonab-CD3, [[Muromonab-CD3]])
- Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin, Oxaliplatin Medac) (see Oxaliplatin, [[Oxaliplatin]])
- Rituximab (Rituxan) (see Anti-CD20 Therapy, [[Anti-CD20 Therapy]])
- Dextran (see Dextran, [[Dextran]]): when used intrauterine for hysteroscopy
- Docetaxel (see Docetaxel, [[Docetaxel]])
- Ethchlorvynol (see Ethchlorvynol, [[Ethchlorvynol]])
- Etoposide (see Etoposide, [[Etoposide]])
- Flecainide (see Flecainide, [[Flecainide]])
- Fludarabine (see Fludarabine, [[Fludarabine]])
- Gefitinib (Iressa) (see Gefitinib, [[Gefitinib]])
- Gemcitabine (Gemzar) (see Gemcitabine, [[Gemcitabine]])
- Heroin (see Heroin, [[Heroin]])
- Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (see Hydrochlorothiazide, [[Hydrochlorothiazide]])
- Interleukin-2 (IL-2) (see Interleukin-2, [[Interleukin-2]])
- Interferon Gamma (see Interferon Gamma-1b, [[Interferon Gamma-1b]])
- Leflunomide (Arava) (see Leflunomide, [[Leflunomide]])
- Melphalan (see Melphalan, [[Melphalan]])
- Mercaptopurine (see Mercaptopurine, [[Mercaptopurine]])
- Methadone (see Methadone, [[Methadone]])
- Methotrexate (see Methotrexate, [[Methotrexate]])
- Mitomcyin C (see Mitomycin, [[Mitomycin]])
- Naloxone (see Naloxone, [[Naloxone]])
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) (see Nitrofurantoin, [[Nitrofurantoin]])
- Nitrosoureas (see Nitrosoureas, [[Nitrosoureas]])
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Intoxication (see Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, [[Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug]])
- Oxaliplatin (see Oxaliplatin, [[Oxaliplatin]])
- Oxygen Toxicity (see Oxygen, [[Oxygen]])
- Paclitaxel (Taxol) (see Paclitaxel, [[Paclitaxel]])
- Pemetrexed (Alimta) (see Pemetrexed, [[Pemetrexed]])
- Penicillamine (see Penicillamine, [[Penicillamine]])
- Pranlukast (see Pranlukast, [[Pranlukast]])
- Procarbazine (see Procarbazine, [[Procarbazine]])
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) Checkpoint Inhibitors (see Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Checkpoint Inhibitors, [[Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Checkpoint Inhibitors]])
- Nivolumab (Opdivo) (see Nivolumab, [[Nivolumab]])
- Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) (see Pembrolizumab, [[Pembrolizumab]])
- Propoxyphene (Darvon) (see Propoxyphene, [[Propoxyphene]])
- Protamine (see Protamine, [[Protamine]])
- Radiographic Contrast (see Radiographic Contrast, [[Radiographic Contrast]])
- Salicylate Intoxication (see Salicylates, [[Salicylates]])
- Simvastatin (see Simvastatin, [[Simvastatin]])
- Sirolimus (see Sirolimus, [[Sirolimus]])
- Temozolomide (see Temozolomide, [[Temozolomide]])
- Temsirolimus (see Temsirolimus, [[Temsirolimus]])
- Ticlopidine (see Ticlopidine, [[Ticlopidine]])
- Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema (see Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema, [[Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema]])
- Topotecan (Hycamtin) (see Topotecan, [[Topotecan]])
- Vinblastine (see Vinblastine, [[Vinblastine]])
Toxin
- Acetic Acid Inhalation (see Acetic Acid, [[Acetic Acid]])
- Acetic Anhydride Inhalation (see Acetic Anhydride, [[Acetic Anhydride]])
- Acrolein Inhalation (see Acrolein, [[Acrolein]])
- Acute Beryllium Exposure (see Beryllium, [[Beryllium]])
- Amitrole Inhalation (see Amitrole, [[Amitrole]])
- Ammonia Inhalation (see Ammonia, [[Ammonia]])
- Antimony Fume Inhalation (see Antimony, [[Antimony]])
- Berylliosis (see Beryllium, [[Beryllium]])
- Bromine+Methyl Bromide Inhalation (see Bromine+Methyl Bromide, [[Bromine+Methyl Bromide]])
- Cadmium Fume Inhalation (see Cadmium, [[Cadmium]])
- Carbamates (see Carbamates, [[Carbamates]])
- Chlorine Inhalation (see Chlorine, [[Chlorine]])
- Chloropicrin Gas Inhalation (see Chloropicrin Gas, [[Chloropicrin Gas]])
- Chromic Acid Inhalation Chromic Acid, [[Chromic Acid]])
- Contaminated Rapeseed Oil (see Contaminated Rapeseed Oil, [[Contaminated Rapeseed Oil]])
- Cyanide Intoxication (see Cyanide, [[Cyanide]])
- Diazomethane Inhalation (see Diazomethane, [[Diazomethane]])
- Diborane Gas Inhalation (see Diborane Gas, [[Diborane Gas]])
- Dinitrogen Tetroxide (see Dinitrogen Tetroxide, [[Dinitrogen Tetroxide]])
- Ethylene Oxide Gas Inhalation (see Ethylene Oxide Gas, [[Ethylene Oxide Gas]])
- Formic Acid Inhalation (see Formic Acid, [[Formic Acid]])
- Glyphosate Ingestion (see Glyphosate, [[Glyphosate]])
- Heavy Metal Fume Inhalation
- Cadmium Fume Inhalation (see Cadmium, [[Cadmium]])
- Mercury Fume Inhalation (see Mercury, [[Mercury]])
- Nickel Carbonyl Fume Inhalation (see Nickel Carbonyl, [[Nickel Carbonyl]])
- Vanadium Fume Inhalation (see Vanadium, [[Vanadium]])
- Hydrocarbon Pneumonitis (see Hydrocarbons, [[Hydrocarbons]])
- Hydrofluoric Acid Inhalation (see Hydrofluoric Acid, [[Hydrofluoric Acid]])
- Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Inhalation (see Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, [[Hydrogen Sulfide Gas]])
- Lipoid Pneumonia (see Lipoid Pneumonia, [[Lipoid Pneumonia]])
- Lycoperdonosis (see Lycoperdonosis, [[Lycoperdonosis]])
- Manganese Fume Inhalation (see Manganese, [[Manganese]])
- Methamphetamine Intoxication (see Methamphetamine, [[Methamphetamine]])
- Methyl Isocyanate (see Methyl Isocyanate, [[Methyl Isocyanate]])
- Methyl Isothiocyanate (see Methyl Isothiocyanate, [[Methyl Isothiocyanate]])
- Nitric Acid Inhalation (see Nitric Acid, [[Nitric Acid]])
- Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Inhalation (see Nitrogen Dioxide, [[Nitrogen Dioxide]])
- Nitrogen Mustard Gas Inhalation (see Nitrogen Mustard Gas, [[Nitrogen Mustard Gas]])
- Organophosphates (see Organophosphates, [[Organophosphates]])
- Osmium Tetroxide Inhalation (see Osmium Tetroxide, [[Osmium Tetroxide]])
- Ozone Inhalation (see Ozone, [[Ozone]])
- Paraquat (see Paraquat, [[Paraquat]])
- Phosgene Gas Inhalation (see Phosgene Gas, [[Phosgene Gas]])
- Phosphine Gas Inhalation (see Phosphine Gas, [[Phosphine Gas]])
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) (see Polytetrafluoroethylene, [[Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,Teflon)]])
- Smoke Inhalation (see Smoke Inhalation, [[Smoke Inhalation]])
- Sodium Azide Inhalation (see Sodium Azide, [[Sodium Azide]]): following automobile airbag deployment
- Sulfur Dioxide Inhalation (see Sulfur Dioxide, [[Sulfur Dioxide]])
- Sulfuric Acid Inhalation (see Sulfuric Acid, [[Sulfuric Acid]])
- Sulfur Mustard Gas Inhalation (see Sulfur Mustard Gas, [[Sulfur Mustard Gas]])
- Talcum Powder Aspiration (see Talc, [[Talc]])
- Tear Gas (see Tear Gas, [[Tear Gas]])
- Zinc Chloride Gas (Smoke Bomb) (see Zinc Chloride Gas, [[Zinc Chloride Gas]])
Other
- Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (see Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, [[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]])
- Acute Pancreatitis (see Acute Pancreatitis, [[Acute Pancreatitis]])
- Acute Pulmonary Embolism (see Acute Pulmonary Embolism, [[Acute Pulmonary Embolism]])
- Air Embolism (see Air Embolism, [[Air Embolism]])
- Amniotic Fluid Embolism (see Amniotic Fluid Embolism, [[Amniotic Fluid Embolism]])
- Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])
- Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome (see Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome, [[Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome]])
- Decompression Sickness (see Decompression Sickness, [[Decompression Sickness]])
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (see Diabetic Ketoacidosis, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State]])
- Esophageal Variceal Sclerotherapy (see Esophageal Varices, [[Esophageal Varices]]): ARDS occurs in <1% of cases
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) (see High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema, [[High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema]])
- Lymphangiogram Oil Droplet Embolism (see Lymphangiogram Oil Droplet Embolism, [[Lymphangiogram Oil Droplet Embolism]])
- Metastatic Calcification (see Metastatic Calcification, [[Metastatic Calcification]])
- Middle Lobe Syndrome (see Middle Lobe Syndrome, [[Middle Lobe Syndrome]])
- Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome (see Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome, [[Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome]])
- Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia (see Pre-Eclamspia, Eclampsia, [[Pre-Eclampsia, Eclampsia]])
- Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis (see Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis, [[Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis]])
- Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) (see Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, [[Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis]])
- Radiation Pneumonitis (see Radiation Pneumonitis and Fibrosis, [[Radiation Pneumonitis and Fibrosis]])
- Rattlesnake Bite (see Rattlesnake Bite, [[Rattlesnake Bite]])
- Reperfusion Lung Injury (see Reperfusion Lung Injury, [[Reperfusion Lung Injury]])
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
- Torsion of Lung (see Torsion of Lung, [[Torsion of Lung]])
- Tumor Embolism (see Tumor Embolism, [[Tumor Embolism]])
- Williams-Campbell Syndrome (see Williams-Campbell Syndrome, [[Williams-Campbell Syndrome]])
References
General
- Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:1565–71 [MEDLINE]
- A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50 [MEDLINE]
- The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther. 1998 Jul-Aug;20(4):820-37 [MEDLINE]
- Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: anal- ysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:963–8 [MEDLINE]
- Validation of predictive rules and indices of severity for community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2004; 59:421–7 [MEDLINE]
- Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome. Thorax 2004;59:960-965 [MEDLINE]
- Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44 Suppl 2:S27-72 [MEDLINE]
- CDC EPIC Study. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 30;373(5):415-27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500245. Epub 2015 Jul 14 [MEDLINE]
- Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw353. Epub 2016 Jul 14 [MEDLINE]
Prevention
- Facilitating influenza and pneumococcal vaccination through standing orders programs. JAMA 2003; 289:1238 [MEDLINE]
General Treatment
- The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998; 20: 820–37 [MEDLINE]
Antibiotics
- Variations in etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia across four treatment sites: implications for antimicrobial prescribing practices. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(2):608-613 [MEDLINE]
- PneumA Trial. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290(19):2588-2598 [MEDLINE]
- Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:637–44 [MEDLINE]
- De-escalation in lower respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006;12(5):364-368 [MEDLINE]
- De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006;12(5):452-457 [MEDLINE]
- Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2006; 129:1210–1218 [MEDLINE]
- Antibiotic stewardship: overcoming implementation barriers. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(4): 357-362 [MEDLINE]
- Antimicrobial stewardship programs: mandatory for all ICUs. Crit Care. 2012;16:179. doi:10.1186/cc11853 [MEDLINE]
- Impact of regular collaboration between infectious diseases and critical care practitioners on antimicrobial utilization and patient outcome. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:2099–2107. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828e9863 [MEDLINE]
- Efficacy of single-dose antibiotic against early-onset pneumonia in comatose patients who are ventilated. Chest. 2013 May;143(5):1219-25. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-1361 [MEDLINE]
- Antibiotic stewardship in hospital-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2013;143:1195–1196. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2729 [MEDLINE]
- Association of azithromycin with mortality and cardiovascular events among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia. JAMA. 2014 Jun 4;311(21):2199-208. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.4304 [MEDLINE]
- What can be expected from antimicrobial de-escalation in the critically ill? Intensive Care Med 2014; 40:92–5 [MEDLINE]
- CAP-START Trial. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1312-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406330 [MEDLINE]
- A Systematic Review of the Definitions, Determinants, and Clinical Outcomes of Antimicrobial De-escalation in the Intensive Care Unit. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 15;62(8):1009-17. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1199. Epub 2015 Dec 23 [MEDLINE]
- Duration of Antibiotic Treatment in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Jul 25. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3633 [MEDLINE]
Corticosteroids
- Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med. 2013 Feb;8(2):68-75 [MEDLINE]
Respiratory Support
- Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 1):1585-91 [MEDLINE]
- Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlates for success. Thorax. 1995 Jul;50(7):755-7 [MEDLINE]
- Predictors of failure of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Crit Care. 2010 Sep;25(3):540.e9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2010.02.012 [MEDLINE]
- The role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia. J Crit Care. 2015 Feb;30(1):49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 2 [MEDLINE]
Prognosis
- Readmission following hospitalization for pneumonia: the impact of pneumonia type and its implication for hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;57(3):362-7 [MEDLINE]
- Editorial commentary: “excess readmissions” for pneumonia: a dilemma with a penalty. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Aug;57(3):368-9 [MEDLINE]