Pleural Effusion-Parapneumonic


Definitions

Parapneumonic Effusion

Definitions

Empyema

Definitions


Epidemiology

Parapneumonic Effusion

Risk Factors for Parapneumonic Effusion

Protective Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids Against the Development of Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion (see Corticosteroids, [[Corticosteroids]])

Empyema

Risk Factors for Empyema


Etiology


Microbiology

General Comments

Organisms


Physiology


Diagnosis

Complete Blood Count (CBC) (see Complete Blood Count, [[Complete Blood Count]])

Serum Procalcitonin (see Serum Procalcitonin, [[Serum Procalcitonin]])

Pleural Fluid (see Thoracentesis, [[Thoracentesis]])

Indications for Thoracentesis in the Setting of Parapneumonic Effusion (Chest, 2000) [MEDLINE]

Technique

Appearance

PUR PLEURAL

Odor

Pleural Fluid Cell Count and Differential

Pleural Fluid pH

Pleural Fluid Glucose

Pleural Fluid Total Protein

Pleural Fluid Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Serum-Pleural Albumin Gradient (SPAG)

Pleural Fluid Cholesterol

Staining

Pleural Fluid Culture

Molecular Analysis of Pleural Fluid

Chest X-Ray (see Chest X-Ray, [[Chest X-Ray]])

Chest CT with Intravenous Contrast (see Chest Computed Tomography, [[Chest Computed Tomography]])

EMPYEMA CHEST CT

Thoracic Ultrasound (see Thoracic Ultrasound, [[Thoracic Ultrasound]])

LOC PLEUR US

Other Pleural Fluid Assays


Clinical-Light Classification Scheme for Parapneumonic Effusion/Empyema


Clinical Manifestations

General Comments

Pulmonary Manifestations

Symptoms Related to Underlying Pneumonia

Symptoms Related to Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion/Empyema

Symptoms in Cases of Post-Pneumonectomy Empyema


Treatment

Treatment Recommendations by Class

Treatment Recommendations by Category (ACCP Consensus Guidelines) (Chest, 2000) [MEDLINE]

Antibiotics

Chest Tube (Tube Thoracostomy) (see Chest Tube, [[Chest Tube]])

Intrapleural Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) (see Dornase Alfa, [[Dornase Alfa]])

General Comments

Administration

Clinical Efficacy

Intrapleural Thrombolytics (see Thrombolytics, [[Thrombolytics]])

Agents

Clinical Efficacy

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) (see Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery, [[Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery]])


Prognosis


References

General

Treatment