Etiology
Cardiac
- Congestive Heart Failure (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])
Pulmonary
- Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis (see Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis, [[Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis]]): due to diaphragmatic weakness with pressure of abdominal contents against diaphragm
- Phrenic Neuropathy (see Phrenic Neuropathy, [[Phrenic Neuropathy]]): due to diaphragmatic weakness with pressure of abdominal contents against diaphragm
References
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