Etiology

Cardiac

• Congestive Heart Failure (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])

Pulmonary

• Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis (see Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis, [[Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis]]): due to diaphragmatic weakness with pressure of abdominal contents against diaphragm
• Phrenic Neuropathy (see Phrenic Neuropathy, [[Phrenic Neuropathy]]): due to diaphragmatic weakness with pressure of abdominal contents against diaphragm

References

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