Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema

Epidemiology

Air Embolism (see Air Embolism, [[Air Embolism]])
Brain Tumor
- Glioblastoma Multiforme (see Glioblastoma Multiforme, [[Glioblastoma Multiforme]])
Bulbar Polimyelitis (see Polimyelitis, [[Polimyelitis]])
Cervical Spine Injury: uncommon etiology
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Encephalitis (see Encephalitis, [[Encephalitis]]): uncommon etiology
Head Trauma: common etiology (occurs in >50% of cases)
Increased Intracranial Pressure (of any etiology)
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) (see Intracerebral Hemorrhage, [[Intracerebral Hemorrhage]])
- Neurogenic pulmonary edema may recur after initial resolution
Intracranial Endovascular Therapy
Intracranial Tumor
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) (see Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident, [[Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident]]): uncommon etiology of neurogenic pulmonary edema
Meningitis (see Meningitis, [[Meningitis]])
Multiple Sclerosis with Medullary Involvement (see Multiple Sclerosis, [[Multiple Sclerosis]]): uncommon etiology
Seizures (see Seizures, [[Seizures]]): occurs in up to 33% of patients with grand mal seizures
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) (see Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, [[Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]): common etiology (occurs in up to 71% of fatal cases)
- Neurogenic pulmonary edema may recur after initial resolution
- Risk Factors: increased age and higher clinical grade of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Increased Intracranial Pressure, Resulting in Sympathetic Activation
- Pulmonary Vasoconstriction -> Increased Pulmonary Venous Pressure -> Increased Pulmonary Capillary Pressure -> Increased Pulmonary Capillary Permeability
- Systemic Vasoconstriction
  - Shift of Blood from Systemic to Pulmonary Circulation -> Increased Pulmonary Blood Volume
  - Increased Systemic Blood Pressure -> Decreased Left Ventricular Compliance -> Increased Left Atrial Pressure (Increased PCWP) -> Increased Pulmonary Capillary Pressure -> Increased Pulmonary Capillary Permeability

Pulmonary Edema (see Acute Lung Injury-ARDS, [[Acute Lung Injury-ARDS]])
- Neurogenic pulmonary edema may recur in some cases of subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage after initial resolution

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Neurogenic pulmonary edema in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. Jul 2008;20(3):188-92
Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema development. Physiol Res. 2008;57(4):499-506
Cardiac troponin I and acute lung injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):177-82
Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with pediatric status epilepticus. Pediatr Emerg Care. Oct 2011;27(10):957-8
Neurogenic pulmonary edema in subarachnoid hemorrage. Panminerva Med. Sep 2011;53(3):203-10