Toxin: scaritoxin (which is a ciguatera-associated toxin) -> increases permeability of sodium channels, resulting in norepinephrine and acetylcholine release
“Death Rattle” in Dying Patient
Formulation: SQ
Clinical Efficacy
Systematic Review of Interventions for Noisy Breathing in the Dying Patient (Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008) [MEDLINE]
No Intervention (Pharmacologic or Non-Pharmacologic) Had Any Efficacy in Treating Death Rattle
Systematic Review of Antimuscarinic Drugs in zTreating Death Rattle (J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014) [MEDLINE]
Antimuscarinic Drugs (Glycopyrrolate, Scopolamine) Had No Efficacy in Treating Death Rattle (see Glycopyrrolate, [[Glycopyrrolate]])
Scorpion Envenomation (see Scorpion Sting, [[Scorpion Sting]])