Etiology

Primary Psychiatric Disease

• Alzheimer Dementia (see Alzheimer Dementia)
  • Psychosis is present in about 40% of patients with Alzheimer disease, the most common form of dementia
• Schizophrenia (see Schizophrenia)

Delirium (see Delirium)

• Definition
  • Delirium is Defined as XXXX
• Psychosis is a frequent ancillary symptom of delirium that can overshadow its cardinal cognitive features

Infectious Disease

• Encephalitis (see Encephalitis)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Malaria (“Cerebral Malaria”) (see Malaria)
• Meningitis (see Meningitis)
• Neurocysticercosis (see xxxx)
• Neurosyphilis (see Syphilis)
• Prion Disease
• Sleeping Sickness (see xxxx)
• Toxoplasmosis (see Toxoplasmosis)

Metabolic Disease

Endocrine/Metabolic Disease

• Acute Intermittent Porphyria (see Acute Intermittent Porphyria)
• Cushing’s Syndrome (see Cushing’s Syndrome)
• Hashimoto Thyroiditis (see Hashimoto Thyroiditis)
• Hyperthryoidism (see Hyperthryoidism)
• Hypothyroidism (“Myxedema Madness”) (see Hypothyroidism)
• Insulinoma (see Insulinoma)
• Pheochromocytoma (see Pheochromocytoma)
• Vitamin B12 Deficiency (see xxxx)

Wilson Disease (see Wilson Disease)

• Clinical Features
  • Dysarthria (see Dysarthria)
  • Gait Disturbance/Ataxia (see Ataxia)
  • Liver Disease
  • Seizures (see Seizures)

Neurologic Disease

• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Brain Tumor
• Congenital Malformation
• Fahr Disease
• Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) (see Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident)
• Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
• Multiple Sclerosis (see Multiple Sclerosis)
• Narcolepsy (see Narcolepsy)
• Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (see xxxx)
• Seizure Disorder (see Seizures)
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (see Traumatic Brain Injury)

Rheumatologic Disease

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

Neurodegenerative Disease

• Huntington’s Chorea (see Huntington’s Chorea)
• Lipid Storage Disease
• Tay-Sachs disease (GM2 gangliosidosis type 1)
• Niemann-Pick disease type C are

Developmental Disorder

• Velocardiofacial Syndrome (Di George Syndrome)

Medication

• Analgesics
  • Indomethacin (see Indomethacin)
  • Meperidine (Demerol) (see Meperidine)
  • Pentazocine (see Pentazocine)
• Anesthetic Agents (see xxxx)
• Antiarrhythmic Agents (see xxxx)
• Antimicrobial Agents
  • Ciprofloxacin (see Ciprofloxacin)
  • Mefloquine (see Mefloquine)
• Anticholinergic Agents (see Anticholinergic Agents)
• Anticonvulsants: at high doses
• Antineoplastic Agents
  • Ifosfamide (see Ifosfamide)
• Antituberculous Agents
  • Cycloserine (see Cycloserine)
  • Ethambutol (see Ethambutol)
  • Isoniazid (see Isoniazid)
• Antiviral Agents
  • Acyclovir (see Acyclovir)
  • Efavirenz (see Efavirenz)L: at high plasma level
• Baclofen (see Baclofen)
• Caffeine (see Caffeine)
• Corticosteroids (see Corticosteroids)
• Cyclosporine A (see Cyclosporine A)
• Digoxin (see Digoxin)
• Disulfiram (see Disulfiram)
• Dopamine Receptor Agonists (see Dopamine Receptor Agonists)
  • Amantadine (see Amantadine)
  • L-Dopa (see xxxx)
• Interferons
• Sympathomimetics
  • Ephedra

Toxin

• Lead Intoxication (see Lead)
• Methamphetamine Intoxication (see Methamphetamine)
• Methamphetamine Use Disorder (see Methamphetamine)

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Clinical Manifestations

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

XXXX

• xxxxx

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Treatment

• xxxx

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References

Etiology

• The phenomenology of acute organic psychosis. Comparison with acute schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:324-332 [MEDLINE]
• Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:487-490 [MEDLINE]
• Psychopathological characteristics in alcohol hallucinosis and paranoid schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990;81:255-259 [MEDLINE]
• Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis-“thyrotoxic psychosis.” A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;142:438-444 [MEDLINE]
• Myxedema psychosis with grade II hypothyroidism. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24:275-277 [MEDLINE]
• Hypothyroidism presenting as psychosis: myxedema madness revisited. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;5:260-266 [MEDLINE]
• Epidemiology of and risk factors for psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of 55 studies published from 1990 to 2003. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2022-2030 [MEDLINE]
• Methamphetamine use and infectious disease-related behaviors in men who have sex with men: implications for interventions. Addiction. 2007;102(suppl 1):130-135 [MEDLINE]
• Classification of psychotic symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:961-967 [MEDLINE]
• Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardised measures. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:135-141 [MEDLINE]
• Rapid resolution of delusional parasitosis in pellagra with niacin augmentation therapy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30:581-584 [MEDLINE]
• Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:327-340 [MEDLINE]
• Acute psychosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28:237-243 [MEDLINE]
• Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: importance and treatment considerations. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20:396-404 [MEDLINE]
• Manifest psychosis in neurosyphilis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:379-381 [MEDLINE]
• Initial medical work-up of first-episode psychosis: a conceptual review. Early Intervent Psychiatry. 2009;31:10-18 [MEDLINE]
• Factors associated with delay to acyclovir administration in 184 patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:560-564 [MEDLINE]
• Advances in narcolepsy. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94:541-555 [MEDLINE]
• Porphyrias. Lancet. 2010;375:924-937 [MEDLINE]