Etiology

Metabolic

• Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia, [[Hypocalcemia]])

Drugs

• Amiodarone (Cordarone) (see Amiodarone, [[Amiodarone]])
• Metoclopramide (Reglan) (see Metoclopramide, [[Metoclopramide]])
• Promethazine (Phenergan) (see Promethazine, [[Promethazine]])
• xxx
• xxx
• xxx
• xxx

---

Clinical Manifestations

Neurologic Manifestations

• Akathisia (see Akathisia, [[Akathisia]]): motor restlessness
• Dystonia (see Dystonia, [[Dystonia]]): continuous spasms and muscle contractions
• Parkinsonism (see Parkinson’s Disease, [[Parkinsons Disease]]): rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor
• Tardive Dyskinesia (see Tardive Dyskinesia, [[Tardive Dyskinesia]]): irregular, jerky movements

---

Treatment

Anti-Cholinergic Agents

• Benztropine (Cogentin) (see Benztropine, [[Benztropine]])
• Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) (see Diphenhydramine, [[Diphenhydramine]])
• Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) (see Trihexyphenidyl, [[Trihexyphenidyl]])

Dopamine Agonists

• Pramipexole (Mirapex) (see Pramipexole, [[Pramipexole]])

---

References

• xxxx