Definitions

Clinical Patterns of Brain Dysfunction

• Akinetic Mutism
• Brain Death (see Brain Death, [[Brain Death]])
• Coma (see Obtundation-Coma, [[Obtundation-Coma]])
• Dementia (see Dementia, [[Dementia]])
• Locked-In Syndrome (see Locked-In Syndrome, [[Locked-In Syndrome]])
• Persistent Vegetative State: term was first used in 1972
• Minimally Conscious State

Epidemiology

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Etiology

Neurodegenerative Disease

• Alzheimer Disease (see Alzheimer Disease, [[Alzheimer Disease]])
• Frontotemporal Dementia
• Neurodegenerative Disease Associated with Tau
• Lewy Body Dementia
• Parkinson’s Disease (see Parkinson’s Disease, [[Parkinsons Disease]])

Vascular Disease

• Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
• Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
• Primary Central Nervous System Angiitis
• Secondary Central Nervous System Vasculitis
  • ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
  • Behcet’s Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
  • Cryoglobulinemia (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
  • Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
  • Varicella Zoster Virus-Associated Vasculitis (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Vascular Dementia

Infectious Disease

• Herpes Encephalitis (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus, [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]])
• Neurosyphilis (see Syphilis, [[Syphilis]])
• Prion Disease
  • Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD) (see Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease, [[Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease]])
  • Fatal Familial Insomnia
  • Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome
• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (see xxx)
• Whipple Disease (see Whipple Disease, [[Whipple Disease]])

Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disease

• Autoimmune Dementia
• Multiple Sclerosis (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Paraneoplastic and Autoimmune Lumbic Encephalitis
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Sjogren’s Syndrome (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Behcet’s Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])

Neurometabolic Disease

• Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (ANCL)
• Leukodystrophies
• Mitcohondrial Disease

Drug/Toxin

• Anti-Cholinergic Agents (see Anti-Cholinergic Intoxication, [[Anti-Cholinergic Intoxication]]) [MEDLINE]
  • Epidemiology: anticholinergic-induced cognitive impairment is generally considered reversible on discontinuation of anticholinergic therapy
    • However, studies suggest that anticholinergic agents may be associated with an increased risk for dementia
  • Prospective Cohort Study (JAMA Intern Med, 2015) [MEDLINE]: higher cumulative anticholinergic use (most commonly tricyclic antidepressants, first-generation antihistamines, and bladder anti-muscarinics) was associated with an increased risk for dementia
• Ethanol Abuse (see Ethanol, [[Ethanol]])

Other

• Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
• Huntington Disease (see Huntington Disease, [[Huntington Disease]])
• Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) (see Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, [[Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]])
• Wilson Disease (see Wilson Disease, [[Wilson Disease]])

Physiology

• xxx

Diagnosis

• xxx

Clinical Manifestations

Other Manifestations

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Treatment

• xxx

References

• American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Nov;63(11):2227-46. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13702. Epub 2015 Oct 8 [MEDLINE]
• Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:401-407 [MEDLINE]