Etiology
Infection
- Mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis, [[Mucormycosis]])
- Sinusitis (see Sinusitis, [[Sinusitis]])
- Extension of infection from the paranasal sinuses may result in subdural empyema, cerebral venous thrombosis, and/or bacterial meningitis
- Frontal Sinusitis: most common source of infection (via spread through emissary veins between the posterior sinus mucosa and the meninges)
- Sphenoid Sinusitis: may result in cavernous sinus thrombosis
Trauma/Surgery
- Head Trauma
- Dural Taps
- Infusions into Internal Jugular Vein
Hypercoagulable States (see Hypercoagulable States, [[Hypercoagulable States]])
- Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome (see Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome, [[Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome]])
- Anti-Annexin A2 Antibodies: annexin A2 is a fibrinolytic receptor
- Antithombin III Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Factor V Leiden Mutation (see Factor V Leiden, [[Factor V Leiden]])
- Hyperhomocysteinemia (see Hyperhomocysteinemia, [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]): strong risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis (being present in 27-43% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis)
- Malignancy
- Pregnancy/Puerperium (see Pregnancy, [[Pregnancy]])
- Protein C Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Protein S Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
Rheumatologic
- Behcet’s Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Wegener’s Granulomatosis (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
Drugs
- Corticosteroids (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar) (see Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid, [[Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid]])
- Erythropoitein (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) (see Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, [[Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia]])
- L-Asparaginase (see L-Asparaginase, [[L-Asparaginase]])
- Oral Contraceptives (OCP) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]]): including third generation formulations
- Phytoestrogens
- Tamoxifen (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Thalidomide (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
Other
- Cirrhosis (see End-Stage Liver Disease, [[End-Stage Liver Disease]])
- Dehydration
- High Altitude (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Crohn’s Disease
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Lumbar Puncture: case reports of cerebral venous thrombosis after lumbar puncture (possibly related to decreased smean blood velocity in straight sinus
- Nephrotic Syndrome (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Polycythemia (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
- Sickle Cell Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: cerebral venous thrombosis is present in only 2.1% of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
Site of Thrombosis
- Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
- xxx
Diagnosis
- Head CT:
- Brain MRI/MRA:
Clinical Manifestations
Neurologic Manifestations
- Headache (see Headache, [[Headache]])
- Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) (see Increased Intracranial Pressure, [[Increased Intracranial Pressure]]): with sagittal sinus thrombosis -> obstructed cerebral venous outflow
Treatment
- Anticoagulation:
- xxx
References
- xxx