Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Etiology
Infection
Mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis , [[Mucormycosis]])Sinusitis (see Sinusitis , [[Sinusitis]])
Extension of infection from the paranasal sinuses may result in subdural empyema, cerebral venous thrombosis, and/or bacterial meningitis
Frontal Sinusitis : most common source of infection (via spread through emissary veins between the posterior sinus mucosa and the meninges)
Sphenoid Sinusitis : may result in cavernous sinus thrombosis
Trauma/Surgery
Head Trauma Dural Taps Infusions into Internal Jugular Vein
Hypercoagulable States (see Hypercoagulable States , [[Hypercoagulable States]])
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome (see Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome , [[Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome]])Anti-Annexin A2 Antibodies : annexin A2 is a fibrinolytic receptorAntithombin III Deficiency (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Factor V Leiden Mutation (see Factor V Leiden , [[Factor V Leiden]])Hyperhomocysteinemia (see Hyperhomocysteinemia , [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]): strong risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis (being present in 27-43% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis)Malignancy Pregnancy/Puerperium (see Pregnancy , [[Pregnancy]])Protein C Deficiency (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Protein S Deficiency (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])
Rheumatologic
Behcet’s Disease (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Wegener’s Granulomatosis (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])
Drugs
Corticosteroids (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar) (see Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid , [[Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid]])Erythropoitein (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) (see Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia , [[Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia]])L-Asparaginase (see L-Asparaginase , [[L-Asparaginase]])Oral Contraceptives (OCP) (see xxxx , [[xxxx]]): including third generation formulationsPhytoestrogens Tamoxifen (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Thalidomide (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])
Other
Cirrhosis (see End-Stage Liver Disease , [[End-Stage Liver Disease]])Dehydration High Altitude (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Lumbar Puncture : case reports of cerebral venous thrombosis after lumbar puncture (possibly related to decreased smean blood velocity in straight sinusNephrotic Syndrome (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Polycythemia (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis , [[Sarcoidosis]])Sickle Cell Disease (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension : cerebral venous thrombosis is present in only 2.1% of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotensionThrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) (see xxxx , [[xxxx]])
Site of Thrombosis
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis xxx
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Neurologic Manifestations
Headache (see Headache , [[Headache]])Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) (see Increased Intracranial Pressure , [[Increased Intracranial Pressure]]): with sagittal sinus thrombosis -> obstructed cerebral venous outflow
Treatment
References
Property of Kenneth J. Serio, MD. Author is not responsible for errors in content, site is for information purposes only.