Clostridium Difficile


Epidemiology


Microbiology


Risk Factors

Antibiotic Use

Advanced Age

Gastric Acid Suppression

Other


Physiology

Asymptomatic Clostridium Difficile Carriage


Diagnosis

General Comments

Clinical Data

Stool Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for Clostridium Difficile Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) Antigen

Stool Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B

Stool Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Clostridium Difficile Toxin Genes

Fecal Leukocytes (see Fecal Leukocytes, Fecal Leukocytes)

Anaerobic Stool Culture with Toxin Testing of Isolated Clostridium Difficile (see Stool Culture, Stool Culture)

Cell Culture Cytotoxicity Assay

Abdominal/Pelvic CT (see Abdominal-Pelvic Computed Tomography, Abdominal-Pelvic Computed Tomography)

Colonoscopy (see Colonoscopy, Colonoscopy)


Clinical Manifestations-Clostridium Difficile Colitis

General Comments

Dermatologic Manifestations

Hematologic Manifestations

Gastrointestinal Manifestations

Abdominal Distention

Abdominal Pain (see Abdominal Pain, Abdominal Pain)

Appendicitis (see Appendicitis, Appendicitis)

Diarrhea (see Diarrhea, Diarrhea)

Hypoalbuminemia (see Hypoalbuminemia, Hypoalbuminemia)

Intestinal Perforation (see Intestinal Perforation, Intestinal Perforation)

Protein-Losing Enteropathy (see Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy, Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy)

Small Bowel Involvement

Toxic Megacolon

Infectious Manifestations

Renal Manifestations

Rheumatologic Manifestations


Prevention

Probiotics (see Probiotics, Probiotics)


Treatment

General Measures

Anti-Motility Agents

Mild-Moderate Disease

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Guidelines (Am J Gastroenterol, 2013) [MEDLINE]

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines (Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014) [MEDLINE]

Severe Disease

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Guidelines (Am J Gastroenterol, 2013) [MEDLINE]

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines (Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014) [MEDLINE]

Severe and Complicated Disease

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Guidelines (Am J Gastroenterol, 2013) [MEDLINE]

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines (Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014) [MEDLINE]

Recurrent Disease

General Comments

American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Guidelines (Am J Gastroenterol, 2013) [MEDLINE]

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines (Clin Microbiol Infect, 2014) [MEDLINE]

Other Treatments

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Clostridium Difficile Toxin

Anion-Binding Resins

Other

Monitoring of Therapy


Prognosis


References

General

Risk Factors

Prevention

Diagnosis

Treatment