Risk Factors

General Comments

• Multiple Risk Factors are Present in Most Patients

Cardiovascular Disease

• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (see Coronary Artery Disease, [[Coronary Artery Disease]])
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])

Critical Illness-Associated Disease

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (see Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, [[Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation]])
• Hypotension (see Hypotension, [[Hypotension]])
• Mechanical Ventilation (see General Ventilator Management, [[General Ventilator Management]])
• Sepsis (see Sepsis, [[Sepsis]])

Gastrointestinal Disease

• Ampullary Stenosis
• Choledochal Cyst
• Cystic Duct Obstruction by Bile Duct Percutaneous Transhepatic Catheter
• Hemobilia (see Hemobilia, [[Hemobilia]])
• Metastases to Porta Hepatis

Hematologic Disease

• Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (see Acute Myeloid Leukemia, [[Acute Myeloid Leukemia]])
• Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)/Stem Cell Transplant (SCT) (see Bone Marrow Transplant, [[Bone Marrow Transplant]])
  • Epidemiology: acalculous cholecystitis occurs in up to 4% of cases

Infectious Disease

• General Comments: more commonly, these infections result in a cholangiopathy (commonly in the setting of AIDS), rather than cholecystitis
• Ascariasis (see Ascariasis, [[Ascariasis]])
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus, [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]])
• Brucellosis (see Brucellosis, [[Brucellosis]])
• Campylobacter Jejuni (see Campylobacter Jejuni, [[Campylobacter Jejuni]])
• Candida (see Candida, [[Candida]])
• Cholera (see Cholera, [[Cholera]])
• Coxiella Burnetii (see Q Fever, [[Q Fever]])
• Cryptosporidiosis (see Cryptosporidiosis, [[Cryptosporidiosis]])
• Cystoisospora Belli (Formerly Known as Isospora Belli) (see Cystoisospora Belli, [[Cystoisospora Belli]])
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (see Cytomegalovirus, [[Cytomegalovirus]])
• Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis, [[Echinococcosis]])
• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (see Epstein-Barr Virus, [[Epstein-Barr Virus]])
• Flaviviruses (Only Selected Ones Listed): “flavus” means yellow in Latin (originated from Yellow Fever Virus, so named because of its propensity to cause jaundice)
  • Dengue Virus (see Dengue Virus, [[Dengue Virus]])
  • Japanese Encephalitis Virus (see Japanese Encephalitis Virus, [[Japanese Encephalitis Virus]])
  • St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (see St Louis Encephalitis Virus, [[St Louis Encephalitis Virus]])
  • Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (see Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, [[Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus]])
  • West Nile Virus (see West Nile Virus, [[West Nile Virus]])
  • Yellow Fever Virus (see Yellow Fever Virus, [[Yellow Fever Virus]])
  • Zika Virus (see Zika Virus, [[Zika Virus]])
• Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) (see Hepatitis A Virus, [[Hepatitis A Virus]])
• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (see Hepatitis B Virus, [[Hepatitis B Virus]])
• Leptospirosis (see Leptospirosis, [[Leptospirosis]])
• Malaria (see Malaria, [[Malaria]])
• Microsporidiosis (see Microsporidiosis, [[Microsporidiosis]])
• Salmonella (see Salmonella, [[Salmonella]])
• Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis, [[Tuberculosis]])

Drugs

• Opiates (see Opiates, [[Opiates]])
• Sunitinib (Sutent) (see Sunitinib, [[Sunitinib]])
• Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) (see Total Parenteral Nutrition, [[Total Parenteral Nutrition]])

Other

• Burns (see Burns, [[Burns]])
• Childbirth
• Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome (see Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome, [[Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome]])
• Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (see Diabetes Mellitus, [[Diabetes Mellitus]])
• End-Stage Renal Disease (see Chronic Kidney Disease, [[Chronic Kidney Disease]])
• Immunosuppression
• Major Trauma (see Trauma-General, [[Trauma-General]])
• Multiple Transfusions
• Non-Biliary Surgery
• Vasculitis (see Vasculitis, [[Vasculitis]])

Secondary Infection with Organisms

• General Comments: secondary infection with enteric pathogens occurs after acalculous cholecystitis is established
• Bacteroides (see Bacteroides, [[Bacteroides]])
• Escherichia Coli (see Escherichia Coli, [[Escherichia Coli]])
• Enterococcus Faecalis (see Enterococcus Faecalis, [[Enterococcus Faecalis]])
• Klebsiella (see Klebsiella, [[Klebsiella]])
• Proteus (see Proteus, [[Proteus]])
• Pseudomonas (see Pseudomonas, [[Pseudomonas]])

Gastrointestinal Manifestations

• Gallbladder Perforation
  • Epidemiology: may occur in severe cases
• RUQ Abdominal Pain (see Abdominal Pain, [[Abdominal Pain]])

Other Manifestations

• Fever (see Fever, [[Fever]])