Cardiogenic Shock (see Cardiogenic Shock)

Arrhythmia/Conduction Disturbance

• Tachyarrythmia
  • Atrial Fibrillation (see Atrial Fibrillation)
  • Atrial Flutter (see Atrial Flutter)
  • Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) (see Supraventricular Tachycardia)
  • Ventricular Fibrillation (see Ventricular Fibrillation)
  • Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) (see Ventricular Tachycardia)
• Bradyarrhythmia
  • Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type II (Second Degree Heart Block-Mobitz Type II) (see Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type II)
  • Sinus Bradycardia (see Sinus Bradycardia)
  • Third Degree Atrioventricular Block (Third Degree Heart Block, Complete Heart Block) (see Third Degree Atrioventricular Block)

Cardiomyopathy (see Congestive Heart Failure)

• Primary Cardiomyopathies (Predominantly Involving the Heart)
  • Genetic
    • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia) (see Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy)
    • Conduction System Disease
      • Lenegre Disease
      • Sick Sinus Syndrome
    • Glycogen Storage Diseases
      • Danon
      • PRKAG2
    • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
    • Ion Channelopathies
      • Brugada Syndrome
      • Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
      • Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
      • Long-QT Syndrome
      • Short-QT Syndrome
    • Left Ventricular Noncompaction
    • Mitochondrial Myopathies
  • Mixed (Predominantly Non-Genetic; Familial Disease with a Genetic Origin has been Reported in a Minority of Cases)
    • Dilated Cardiomyopathy: this is a heterogeneous group of disorders characaterized by ventricular dilation and decreased myocardial contractility in the absence of abnormal loading (valvular heart disease, hypertension)
    • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (Non-Dilated and Non-Hypertrophied)
  • Acquired
    • Cardiomyopathy in Infants of Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers
    • Myocarditis (Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy) (see Myocarditis)
    • Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
    • Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy
    • Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Stress Cardiomyopathy) (see Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy)
• Secondary Cardiomyopathies
  • Cardiofacial
    • Lentiginosis
    • Noonan Syndrome
  • Endocrine/Metabolic
    • Acidosis (see Metabolic Acidosis-General)
    • Acromegaly (see Acromegaly)
    • Diabetes Mellitus (see Diabetes Mellitus)
    • Growth Hormone Deficiency: growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 and required for cardiac development
    • Hyperparathyroidism (see Hyperparathyroidism)
    • Hyperthyroidism (see Hyperthyroidism)
    • Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia)
    • Hypokalemia (see Hypokalemia)
    • Hypophosphatemia (see Hypophosphatemia)
    • Hypothyroidism (see Hypothyroidism)
    • Hypoxia (see Hypoxemia)
    • Obesity (see Obesity)
    • Pheochromocytoma (see Pheochromocytoma)
  • Endomyocardial
    • Endomyocardial Fibrosis
    • Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (Löeffler’s Endocarditis????)(see Hypereosinophilic Syndrome)
  • Hematologic Disease
    • Sickle Cell Disease (see Sickle Cell Disease)
    • Anemia (see Anemia)
    • Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (see Henoch-Schonlein Purpura)
  • Infiltrative (Accumulation of Abnormal Substances in Extracellular Space Between Myocytes)
    • Amyloidosis (see Amyloidosis)
    • Gaucher’s Disease
    • Hunter’s Syndrome
    • Hurler’s Syndrome
  • Infection/Inflammatory
    • Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (see Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome): unusually produces sepsis with a low CO and high SVR physiology
      • Hantavirus Genus: Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) is the most commonly associated Hantavirus in the US
    • Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) (see Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome)
      • Hantavirus Genus: Hantaan Virus, Dobrova Virus, Seoul Virus (Baltimore Rat Virus)
    • Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
    • Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Depression (see Sepsis)
  • Ischemic
    • Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) (see Coronary Artery Disease)
      • Physiology: involving >40% of left ventricular myocardium or right ventricular infarction
    • Myocardial Ischemia
    • Stunned Myocardium (from Prolonged Ischemia)
      • Cardiac Arrest (see Cardiac Arrest)
      • Post-Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) (see Cardiopulmonary Bypass)
      • Prolonged Hypotension
  • Neoplasm
    • Leukemia
    • Multiple Myeloma (see Multiple Myeloma)
  • Neuromuscular/Neurologic
    • Becker Muscular Dystrophy (see Becker Muscular Dystrophy)
    • Chronic Progressive External Opthmoplegia (Kearns-Savre)
    • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (see Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy)
    • Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
    • Familial Centronuclear Myopathy
    • Fascioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (Landouzy-Dejerine)
    • Friedrich’s Ataxia
    • Humuloperitoneal Ataxia
    • Juvenile Progressive Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Kugelberg-Welander)
    • Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
    • Myotonia Atrophica (Steinert)
    • Myotonic Dystrophy
    • Neurofibromatosis (see Neurofibromatosis)
    • Tuberous Sclerosis (see Tuberous Sclerosis)
  • Nutritional
    • Carnitine Deficiency (see Carnitine)
    • Keshan’s Disease
    • Kwashiorkor
    • Niacin Deficiency (Pellagra) (see Niacin)
    • Selenium Deficiency (see Selenium)
    • Thiamine Deficiency (Beriberi) (see Thiamine)
    • Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) (see Vitamin C)
  • Rheumatologic
    • Behcet’s Disease (see Behcet’s Disease)
    • Churg-Strauss Syndrome (see Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
    • Microscopic Polyangiitis (see Microscopic Polyangiitis)
    • Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) (see Polyarteritis Nodosa)
    • Polydermatomyositis (see Polydermatomyositis)
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
    • Scleroderma (see Scleroderma)
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
    • Wegener’s Granulomatosis (see Wegener’s Granulomatosis)
  • Storage (Accumulation of Abnormal Substances Intracellularly Within Myocytes)
    • Fabry’s Disease
    • Hemochromatosis (see Hemochromatosis)
    • Niemann-Pick Disease
    • Ochronosis
    • Oxalosis (see Primary Hyperoxaluria)
    • Pompe’s Disease
  • Traumatic
    • Cardiac Contusion (see Cardiac Contusion)
  • Drug/Toxin
    • 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (see 5-Fluorouracil)
    • Amphetamine (see Amphetamine)
    • Anabolic Steroids (see xxxx)
    • Antimony (see Antimony)
    • Antracyclines
      • Daunorubicin (Daunomycin, Cerubidine) (see Daunorubicin)
      • Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) (see Doxorubicin)
    • Arsenic (see Arsenic)
    • β-Blocker Intoxication (see β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists)
    • Calcium Channel Blocker Intoxication (see Calcium Channel Blockers)
    • Carboxyhemoglobinemia (see Carboxyhemoglobinemia)
    • Carbon Tetrachloride (see Carbon Tetrachloride)
    • Catecholamines
    • Chloroquine (see Chloroquine)
    • Clozapine (Clozaril) (see Clozapine)
    • Cobalt (see Cobalt)
    • Cocaine (see Cocaine)
    • Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) (see Cyclophosphamide
    • Emetine(see Emetine)
    • Ephedra (see Ephedra)
    • Ethanol (see Ethanol)
    • Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Intoxication (see Hydroxychloroquine)
    • Interferons (see Interferons)
    • Lead (see Lead)
    • Lithium (see Lithium)
    • Mercury (see Mercury)
    • Methamphetamine (see Methamphetamine)
      • Acute Methamphetamine Intoxication
      • Chronic Methamphetamine Abuse
    • Methylphenidate (Ritalin) (see Methylphenidate)
    • Methysergide (see Methysergide)
    • Mitomycin-C (see Mitomycin)
    • Phenothiazines (se Phenothiazines)
    • Propofol Infusion Syndrome (see Propofol)
    • Taxol Derivatives (see Taxanes)
      • Docetaxel (Taxotere) (see Docetaxel)
      • Paclitaxel (Taxol) (see Paclitaxel)
    • Trastuzumab (Herceptin) (see Trastuzumab)
    • Tricyclic Antidepressants (see Tricyclic Antidepressants)
    • White Phosphorus Toxicity (see White White Phosphorus)
    • Widow Spider Bite (see Widow Spider Bite): cardiomyopathy occurs rarely
    • Zidovudine (Retrovir) (see Zidovudine)
  • Other
    • Radiation Therapy (see Radiation Therapy)
    • Stiff Left Atrial Syndrome Following Left Atrial Catheter Ablation (see Stiff Left Atrial Syndrome)
      • Epidemiology
      • Physiology

Increased Afterload

• Aortic Coarctation (see Aortic Coarctation)
• Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (see Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy)
• Malignant Hypertension (see Hypertension)
• Severe Aortic Stenosis (see Aortic Stenosis)

Increased Intrathoracic Pressure (with Impaired Right-Sided Venous Return)

• Herniation of Abdominal Viscera Into Thorax
• Positive-Pressure Ventilation with High Airway Pressures (see Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
• Tension Pneumothorax (see Pneumothorax)

Intracardiac Shunt (see Intracardiac and Extracardiac Shunt)

• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) (see Atrial Septal Defect)
• Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (see Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm)
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (see Ventricular Septal Defect)
• Ventricular Septal Rupture (see Ventricular Septal Rupture)

Valvular Disease/Mechanical Disturbance

• Aortic Insufficiency (AI) (see Aortic Insufficiency)
• Aortic Stenosis (AS) (see Aortic Stenosis)
• Atrial Myxoma (see Atrial Myxoma)
• Atrial Thrombus (see Intracardiac Thrombus)
• Constrictive Pericarditis (see Constrictive Pericarditis)
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Mitral Regurgitation (MR) (see Mitral Regurgitation)
• Mitral Stenosis (see Mitral Stenosis)
• Papillary Muscle Dysfunction/Rupture
• Pulmonic Stenosis (see Pulmonic Stenosis)
  • Physiology: xxx
• Ruptured Left Ventricular Aneurysm (see Left Ventricular Aneurysm)
• Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (see Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm)
• Tamponade (see Tamponade)
  • Physiology: produces diastolic dysfunction
• Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) (see Tricuspid Regurgitation)
• Tricuspid Stenosis (see Tricuspid Stenosis)
  • Physiology: xxx
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (see Ventricular Septal Defect)

Distributive Shock (Vasodilatory Shock)

Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactic Shock

• Anaphylaxis (see Anaphylaxis)

Septic Shock/Toxic Shock

• Anaplasmosis Sepsis-Like or Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome (see Anaplasmosis)
• Ehrlichiosis Sepsis-Like or Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome (see Ehrlichiosis)
• Sepsis/Septic Shock (see Sepsis)
  • Epidemiology: sepsis is the most common type of distributive shock
• Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (see Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)
• Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (see Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) (see Sepsis)

• Acute Pancreatitis (see Acute Pancreatitis)
• Air Embolism (see Air Embolism)
• Amniotic Fluid Embolism (see Amniotic Fluid Embolism)
• Burns (see Burns)
• Crush Injury
• Fat Embolism (see Fat Embolism)
• Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (see Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome)
• Post-Cardiac Arrest with Return of Spontaneous Circulation (see Cardiac Arrest)
• Trauma

Endocrine/Metabolic-Associated Hypotension

• Acidosis
  • Metabolic Acidosis-Elevated Anion Gap (see Metabolic Acidosis-Elevated Anion Gap)
  • Metabolic Acidosis-Normal Anion Gap (see Metabolic Acidosis-Normal Anion Gap)
• Adrenal Insufficiency (see Adrenal Insufficiency)
• Hyperthyroidism (see Hyperthyroidism)
• Hypothyroidism/Myxedema (see Hypothyroidism)
• Pheochromocytoma (see Pheochromocytoma)
  • Epidemiology: occurs in some cases
  • Clinical Patterns
    • Episodic Hypotension: in rare cases where the tumor secretes only epinephrine
    • Pattern of Rapid Cyclic Fluctuation Between Hypertension and Hypotension (Cycling Every 7-15 min): unclear mechanism
    • Orthostatic Hypotension: due predominantly to decreased plasma volume
• Thiamine Deficiency (Beriberi) (see Thiamine)

Hematologic Disease-Associated Hypotension

• Acute Graft vs Host Disease (see Graft vs Host Disease)
• Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (see Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction)
• Anemia (Severe, Long-Standing) (see Anemia)
• Hemophagocytic Syndrome (see Hemophagocytic Syndrome)

Neurogenic Shock (see Neurogenic Shock)

• Neuroaxial Anesthesia (see xxxx)
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Acute Spinal Cord Injury (see Acute Spinal Cord Injury)
  • Physiology
    • Interruption of Autonomic Pathways, Resulting in Decreased Systemic Vascular Resistance and Altered Vagal Tone: probably the predominant mechanism
    • Myocardial Depression: may also play a role
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (see Traumatic Brain Injury)
  • Physiology: xxxx

Drug/Toxin-Associated Hypotension

• α-Blockers (Non-Selective)
  • Phenoxybenzamine (see Phenoxybenzamine)
  • Phentolamine (Regitine) (see Phentolamine)
• α1-Blockers (see xxxx)
  • Alfuzosin (Uroxatral) (see Alfuzosin, [[Alfuzosin]])
  • Doxazosin (Cardura) (see Doxazosin, [[Doxazosin]])
  • Prazosin (Minipress, Vasoflex, Pressin, Hypovase) (see Prazosin, [[Prazosin]])
  • Silodosin (Rapaflo) (see Silodosin, [[Silodosin]])
  • Tamsulosin (Flomax) (see Tamsulosin, [[Tamsulosin]])
  • Terazosin (Hytrin) (see Terazosin, [[Terazosin]])
• Abacavir-Hypersensitivity Reaction (see Abacavir, [[Abacavir]])
• All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)/Retinoic Acid Syndrome (see All-Trans Retinoic Acid, [[All-Trans Retinoic Acid]])
• Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (Aralast, Glassia, Prolastin, Zemaira) (see Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, [[Alpha-1 Antitrypsin]]): occurs in 0-0.3% of cases
• Amiodarone (see Amiodarone, [[Amiodarone]])
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (see Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors, [[Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors]])
  • Captopril (Capoten) (see Captopril, [[Captopril]])
  • Enalapril (Vasotec, Enalaprilat) (see Enalapril, [[Enalapril]])
  • Fosinopril (Monopril) (see Fosinopril, [[Fosinopril]])
  • Lisinopril (Zestril) (see Lisinopril, [[Lisinopril]])
  • Moexipril (Univasc) (see Moexipril, [[Moexipril]])
  • Perindopril (Coversyl, Coversum, Preterax, Aceon) (see Perindopril, [[Perindopril]])
  • Quinapril (Accupril) (see Quinapril, [[Quinapril]])
  • Ramipril (Altace) (see Ramipril, [[Ramipril]])
  • Trandolapril (Mavik) (see Trandolapril, [[Trandolapril]])
• Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) (see Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, [[Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers]])
  • Candesartan (Atacand) (see Candesartan, [[Candesartan]])
  • Fimasartan (Kanarb) (see Fimasartan, [[Fimasartan]])
  • Irbesartan (Avapro, Aprovel, Karvea) (see Irbesartan, [[Irbesartan]])
  • Losartan (Cozaar) (see Losartan, [[Losartan]])
  • Olmesartan (Benicar, Olmecip) (see Olmesartan, [[Olmesartan]])
  • Telmisartan (Micardis) (see Telmisartan, [[Telmisartan]])
  • Valsartan (Diovan) (see Valsartan, [[Valsartan]])
• Atypical Anti-Psychotic Agents
  • Olanzapine (Zyprexa) (see Olanzapine, [[Olanzapine]])
  • Quetiapine (Seroquel) (see Quetiapine, [[Quetiapine]])
  • Risperidone (Risperdal) (see Risperidone, [[Risperidone]])
• β-Blockers (see β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists, [[β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists]])
  • Non-Selective Beta Blockers
    • Carteolol
    • Nadolol (Corgard, Anabet, Solgol, Corzide, Alti-Nadolol, Apo-Nadol, Novo-Nadolol) (see Nadolol, [[Nadolol]])
    • Penbutolol
    • Pindolol (Visken, Betapindol, Blockin L, Blocklin L, Calvisken, Cardilate, Decreten, Durapindol, Glauco-Visken, Pectobloc, Pinbetol, Prindolol, Pynastin) (see Pindolol, [[Pindolol]])
    • Propafenone (Rhythmol) (see Propafenone, [[Propafenone]]): with additional Class 1C antiarrhythmic properties (inhibits sodium channels)
    • Propanolol (Inderal) (see Propanolol, [[Propanolol]])
    • Sotalol (Betapace, Betapace AF, Sotalex, Sotacor) (see Sotalol, [[Sotalol]]): with additional Class III antiarrhythmic properties (inhibits potassium channels)
    • Timolol (Blocadren, Timoptic) (see Timolol, [[Timolol]])
  • Cardioselective (β1-Selective) Beta Blockers
    • Acebutolol (Sectral, Prent) (see Acebutolol, [[Acebutolol]])
    • Atenolol (Tenormin) (see Atenolol, [[Atenolol]])
    • Betaxalol (Betoptic, Lokren, Kerlone) (see Betaxalol, [[Betaxalol]])
    • Bisoprolol (Concor, Zebeta) (see Bisoprolol, [[Bisoprolol]])
    • Esmolol (Brevibloc) (see Esmolol, [[Esmolol]])
    • Metoprolol (Lopressor) (see Metoprolol, [[Metoprolol]])
    • Nebivolol (Bystolic) (see Nebivolol, [[Nebivolol]])
    • Practolol: although structurally similar to propanolol, it is no longer used in humans (due to adverse effect of oculomucocutaneous syndrome)
  • β-Blockers with Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity (β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism + Low Level β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonism)
    • Acebutolol (see Acebutolol, [[Acebutolol]])
    • Carteolol
    • Celiprolol
    • Mepindolol
    • Oxprenolol
    • Penbutolol
    • Pindolol (Visken, Betapindol, Blockin L, Blocklin L, Calvisken, Cardilate, Decreten, Durapindol, Glauco-Visken, Pectobloc, Pinbetol, Prindolol, Pynastin) (see Pindolol, [[Pindolol]])
  • β-Blockers with α1-Blocking Activity
    • Carvedilol (Coreg) (see Carvedilol, [[Carvedilol]])
    • Labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate) (see Labetalol, [[Labetalol]])
• Benzodiazepines (see Benzodiazepines, [[Benzodiazepines]])
  • Alprazolam (Xanax) (see Alprazolam, [[Alprazolam]])
  • Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) (see Chlordiazepoxide, [[Chlordiazepoxide]])
  • Diazepam (Valium) (see Diazepam, [[Diazepam]])
  • Lorazepam (Ativan) (see Lorazepam, [[Lorazepam]])
  • Midazolam (Versed) (see Midazolam, [[Midazolam]])
  • Temazepam (Restoril, Normison) (see Temazepam, [[Temazepam]])
• Calcium Channel Blockers (see Calcium Channel Blockers, [[Calcium Channel Blockers]])
  • Amlodipine (Norvasc) (see Amlodipine, [[Amlodipine]])
  • Diltiazem (Cardizem) (see Diltiazem, [[Diltiazem]])
  • Felodipine (Plendil) (see Felodipine, [[Felodipine]])
  • Isradipine (DynaCirc, Prescal) (see Isradipine, [[Isradipine]])
  • Nicardipine (Cardene) (see Nicardipine, [[Nicardipine]])
  • Nifedipine (Procardia) (see Nifedipine, [[Nifedipine]])
  • Nimodipine (Nimotop) (see Nimodipine, [[Nimodipine]])
  • Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan, Verelan PM, Bosoptin, Covera-HS) (see Verapamil, [[Verapamil]])
• Carbon Monoxide Intoxication (Carboxyhemoglobinemia) (see Carboxyhemoglobinemia, [[Carboxyhemoglobinemia]]): results in mitochondrial dysfunction
• Cholinergic Intoxication (see Cholinergic Intoxication, [[Cholinergic Intoxication]])
  • Carbamate Intoxication (see Carbamates, [[Carbamates]])
  • Organophosphate Intoxication (see Organophosphates, [[Organophosphates]])
• Cigua Toxin Poisoning (see Cigua Toxin Poisoning, [[Cigua Toxin Poisoning]])
• Cyanide Intoxication (see Cyanide, [[Cyanide]]): results in mitochondrial dysfunction -> hypotension occurs late in course
• Cytokine Release Syndrome (see Cytokine Release Syndrome, [[Cytokine Release Syndrome]])
  • Alemtuzumab (Campath, MabCampath, Campath-1H, Lemtrada) (see Alemtuzumab, [[Alemtuzumab]]): anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody
  • TGN1412: anti-CD28 superagonist
  • Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) (see Anti-Thymocyte Globulin, [[Anti-Thymocyte Globulin]])
  • Basiliximab (Simulect) (see Basiliximab, [[Basiliximab]])
  • Bi-Specific Antibodies in Treatment of Leukemia
  • Haploidentical Mononuclear Cells in Treatment of Refractory Leukemia
  • Lenalidomide (Revlimid) (see Lenalidomide, [[Lenalidomide]])
  • Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) (see Muromonab-CD3, [[Muromonab-CD3]]): anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
  • Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin, Oxaliplatin Medac) (see Oxaliplatin, [[Oxaliplatin]])
  • Rituximab (Rituxan) (see Anti-CD20 Therapy, [[Anti-CD20 Therapy]]): chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody
  • T-Cells Engineered to Express CD19–Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)
• Dexmedetomidine (Precedex) (see Dexmedetomidine, [[Dexmedetomidine]])
• Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (see Endothelin Receptor Antagonists, [[Endothelin Receptor Antagonists]])
  • Ambrisentan (Letairis) (see Ambrisentan, [[Ambrisentan]])
  • Atrasentan (Xinlay) (see Atrasentan, [[Atrasentan]])
  • Bosentan (Tracleer) (see Bosentan, [[Bosentan]])
  • Macitentan (Opsumit) (see Macitentan, [[Macitentan]])
  • Sitaxentan (Thelin) (see Sitaxentan, [[Sitaxentan]])
  • Tezosentan
  • Zibotentan (see Zibotentan, [[Zibotentan]])
• Ethylene Glycol Intoxication (see Ethylene Glycol, [[Ethylene Glycol]])
• Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) (see Fosphenytoin, [[Fosphenytoin]])
• Glyphosate Ingestion (see Glyphosate, [[Glyphosate]])
• Hydralazine (see Hydralazine, [[Hydralazine]])
• Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Inhalation (see Hydrogen Sulfide Gas, [[Hydrogen Sulfide Gas]])
• Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) (see Intravenous Immunoglobulin, [[Intravenous Immunoglobulin]])
• Isopropanol Intoxication (see Isopropanol, [[Isopropanol]])
• Magnesium Sulfate (see Magnesium Sulfate, [[Magnesium Sulfate]]): with rapid infusion
• Metal Intoxication
  • Arsenic Intoxication (see Arsenic, [[Arsenic]])
  • Iron Intoxication (see Iron, [[Iron]])
  • Manganese Intoxication (see Manganese, [[Manganese]])
  • Selenium Intoxication (see Selenium, [[Selenium]])
  • Thallium Intoxication (see Thallium, [[Thallium]])
• Methanol Intoxication (see Methanol, [[Methanol]])
• Methemoglobinemia (see Methemoglobinemia, [[Methemoglobinemia]])
• N-Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote, Fluimucil, Parvolex) (see N-Acetylcysteine, [[N-Acetylcysteine]]): associated with oral administration
• Nerium Oleander Intoxication (see Nerium Oleander, [[Nerium Oleander]])
• Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) (see Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, [[Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome]])
  • Physiology: due to autonomic instability
• Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) (see Ocrelizumab, [[Ocrelizumab]])
  • Epidemiology: may occur as a component of infusion reaction
• Opiates (see Opiates, [[Opiates]])
  • Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) (see Hydromorphone, [[Hydromorphone]])
  • Meperidine (Demerol) (see Meperidine, [[Meperidine]])
  • Methadone (Dolophine) (see Methadone, [[Methadone]])
  • Morphine (see Morphine, [[Morphine]])
  • Opiate Intoxication (see Opiates, [[Opiates]])
  • Oxycodone (see Oxycodone, [[Oxycodone]])
• Phenytoin (Dilantin) (see Phenytoin, [[Phenytoin]])
• Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors (see Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors, [[Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors]])
  • Sildenafil (Viagra, Revatio) (see Sildenafil, [[Sildenafil]])
  • Tadalafil (Adcirca, Cialis) see Tadalafil, [[Tadalafil]])
  • Vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn) (see Vardenafil, [[Vardenafil]])
• Propofol (Diprivan) (see Propofol, [[Propofol]])
• Prostaglandins with Vasodilatory Properties
  • Epoprostenol (PGI2, Prostacyclin, Flolan, Veletri) (see Epoprostenol, [[Epoprostenol]])
  • Iloprost (Ilomedin, Ventavis) (see Iloprost, [[Iloprost]])
  • Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) (see Prostaglandin E1, [[Prostaglandin E1]])
• Protamine (see Protamine, [[Protamine]])
• Rasburicase (Elitek) (see Rasburicase, [[Rasburicase]])
• Rattlesnake Bite (see Rattlesnake Bite, [[Rattlesnake Bite]])
• Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) Withdrawal Syndrome (see Ruxolitinib, [[Ruxolitinib]])
  • Epidemiology: occurs 1 day-3 wks after drug withdrawal
• Salicylate Intoxication (see Acetylsalicylic Acid, [[Acetylsalicylic Acid]])
  • Clinical : pseudosepsis with fever, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis, and hypotension
• Scombroid (see Scombroid, [[Scombroid]])
• Scorpion Sting (see Scorpion Sting, [[Scorpion Sting]])
• Serotonin Syndrome (see Serotonin Syndrome, [[Serotonin Syndrome]])
• Sevelamer (Renagel, Renvela) (see Sevelamer, [[Sevelamer]])
• Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (see Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, [[Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome]])
• Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (see Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, [[Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome]])
• Tetrodotoxin
  • Epidemiology: associated with ingestion of tetrodotoxin-contaminated pufferfish
  • Physiology: tetrodotoxin inhibits sodium channels on vascular smooth muscle
• Thrombolytics (see Thrombolytics, [[Thrombolytics]])
• Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema (see Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema, [[Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema]])
• Transfusion-Associated Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) (see Transfusion-Associated Acute Lung Injury, [[Transfusion-Associated Acute Lung Injury]])
• Tricyclic Antidepressant Intoxication (see Tricyclic Antidepressants, [[Tricyclic Antidepressants]])
• Vancomycin-Associated Red Man Syndrome (see Vancomycin, [[Vancomycin]])
• Widow Spider Bite (see Widow Spider Bite, [[Widow Spider Bite]])
  • Epidemiology: hypertension is more characteristically seen in widow spider bites, hypotension occurs rarely

Other

• Arteriovenous Fistula (see Arteriovenous Fistula, [[Arteriovenous Fistula]])
• Cirrhosis/End-Stage Liver Disease (see Cirrhosis, [[Cirrhosis]])
• Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD) (see Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease, [[Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease]])
• Purpura Fulminans (see Purpura Fulminans, [[Purpura Fulminans]])
• Systemic Mastocytosis (see Systemic Mastocytosis, [[Systemic Mastocytosis]])
• Vasoplegic Syndrome (Post-Cardiac Surgery Vasodilation) (see Vasoplegic Syndrome, [[Vasoplegic Syndrome]])
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Vasovagal Episode (see Vasovagal Episode, [[Vasovagal Episode]])
  • Physiology: xxxx

Hemorrhagic Shock (see Hemorrhagic Shock, [[Hemorrhagic Shock]])

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (see Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, [[Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage]])

• Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (see Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, [[Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage]])
• Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (see Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, [[Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage]])

Hemoperitoneum (see Hemoperitoneum, [[Hemoperitoneum]])

• Various Etiologies

Intramuscular Hemorrhage (Into Thigh)

• Various Etiologies

Intra-Operative/Post-Operative Hemorrhage

• Various Etiologies

Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage (see Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage, [[Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage]])

• Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) (see Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]])
• Other Etiologies

Severe Hemolysis (see Hemolytic Anemia, [[Hemolytic Anemia]])

• Sickle Cell Crisis (see Sickle Cell Disease, [[Sickle Cell Disease]])

Trauma with External Hemorrhage

• Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA)
• Traumatic Fall/Assault

Uterine/Vaginal Hemorrhage

• Post-Partum Hemorrhage
• Uterine Tumor
• Vaginal Laceration

Other

• Ruptured Left Ventricular Aneurysm (see Left Ventricular Aneurysm, [[Left Ventricular Aneurysm]])

Hypovolemic Shock (see Hypovolemic Shock, [[Hypovolemic Shock]])

Dermal Fluid Loss

• Altered Mental Status with Inadequate Fluid Intake
  • Intoxication
• Burns (see Burns, [[Burns]])
• Diaphoresis (see Diaphoresis, [[Diaphoresis]])
• Environmental Exposure
• Heat Stroke (see Heat Stroke, [[Heat Stroke]])

Gastrointestinal Fluid Loss

• Diarrhea (see Diarrhea, [[Diarrhea]])
• Early Dumping Syndrome (After Gastric Bypass) (see Dumping Syndrome, [[Dumping Syndrome]] and Gastric Bypass, [[Gastric Bypass]])
  • Physiology: hyperosmolality of food causes rapid fluid shift from the plasma into the bowel
• External Drainage
• Vomiting (see Nausea and Vomiting, [[Nausea and Vomiting]])

Renal Fluid Loss

• Excessive Diuresis
• Hypoaldosteronism (see Hypoaldosteronism, [[Hypoaldosteronism]])
  • Epidemiology: although aldosterone normally acts to increase sodium retention, hypoaldosteronism is not usually associated with significant sodium wasting (except in young children)
    • This is due to the compensatory action of other sodium-retaining stimuli (such as angiotensin II and norepinephrine)
• Pheochromocytoma (see Pheochromocytoma, [[Pheochromocytoma]])
  • Epidemiology: occurs in some cases
  • Clinical Patterns
    • Episodic Hypotension: in rare cases where the tumor secretes only epinephrine
    • Pattern of Rapid Cyclic Fluctuation Between Hypertension and Hypotension (Cycling Every 7-15 min): unclear mechanism
    • Orthostatic Hypotension: due predominantly to decreased plasma volume
• Salt-Wasting Nephropathy

Third-Space Fluid Loss

• Acute Pancreatitis (see Acute Pancreatitis, [[Acute Pancreatitis]])
• Cirhosis (see Cirrhosis, [[Cirrhosis]])
• Crush Injury
• Intestinal Obstruction
  • Colonic Obstruction (see Colonic Obstruction, [[Colonic Obstruction]])
  • Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) (see Small Bowel Obstruction, [[Small Bowel Obstruction]])
• Post-Operative Intraabdominal Fluid Loss
• Trauma

Obstructive Shock

Mechanical

• Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (see Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, [[Abdominal Compartment Syndrome]])
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Aortocaval Compression (Due to Positioning or Surgical Retraction)
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Constrictive Pericarditis (see Constrictive Pericarditis, [[Constrictive Pericarditis]])
  • Physiology: xxxx
• Dynamic Hyperinflation (Severe)
  • Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)/Auto-PEEP (see PEEP + Auto-PEEP, [[PEEP + Auto-PEEP]])
    • Physiology: impairs venous return to right side of the heart
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (see Congestive Heart Failure, [[Congestive Heart Failure]])
• Hemothorax (see Pleural Effusion-Hemothorax, [[Pleural Effusion-Hemothorax]])
• Tamponade (see Tamponade, [[Tamponade]])
• Tension Pneumothorax (see Pneumothorax, [[Pneumothorax]])

Pulmonary Vascular

• Acute or Severe Pulmonary Hypertension (see Pulmonary Hypertension, [[Pulmonary Hypertension]])
  • General Comments: typically causes right-sided heart failure
  • Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) (see Acute Pulmonary Embolism, [[Acute Pulmonary Embolism]])
  • Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) (see Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension, [[Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension]])
  • Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH) (see Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, [[Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension]])
  • Other Causes of Severe Pumonary Hypertension
• Venous Air Embolism (see Air Embolism, [[Air Embolism]])

Cardiovascular Manifestations

• Hypotension (see Hypotension, [[Hypotension]])
• Sinus Tachycardia (see Sinus Tachycardia, [[Sinus Tachycardia]])

Neurologic Manifestations

• Altered Mental Status
  • Delirium (see Delirium, [[Delirium]])
  • Obtundation/Coma (see Obtundation-Coma, [[Obtundation-Coma]])
• Fatigue (see Fatigue, [[Fatigue]])
• Increased Intracranial Pressure (see Increased Intracranial Pressure, [[Increased Intracranial Pressure]])
  • Physiology: hypotension causes cerebral vasodilation
  • Clinical: potentiation of neurologic injury in traumatic brain injury (TBI), etc

Renal Manifestations

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (see Acute Kidney Injury, [[Acute Kidney Injury]])
  • Physiology
    • Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
    • Impaired Renal Perfusion