Epidemiology

Associated with

• Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (see Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm)

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Diagnosis

Echocardiogram (see Echocardiogram)

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Swan-Ganz Catheter (Pulmonary Artery Catheter) (see Swan-Ganz Catheter)

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Clinical

Cardiovascular Manifestations

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Gastrointetsinal Manifestations

• Congestive Hepatopathy (Passive Hepatic Congestion) (see Congestive Hepatopathy)

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References

• Cardiac cirrhosis: a rare manifestation of an uncorrected primum atrial septal defect. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). Dec 3 2009
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