Etiology
Pseudohypokalemia
- Lab Error
Intracellular Shift of Potasssium
- Albuterol (see Albuterol, [[Albuterol]])
- During Course of Treatment in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (see Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State]]): intracellular shift of potassium occurs with insulin therapy
- Hypothermia (see Hypothermia, [[Hypothermia]])
Renal Potassium Loss
- Corticosteroids (see Corticosteroids, [[Corticosteroids]])
- Hyperaldosteronism (see Hyperaldosteronism, [[Hyperaldosteronism]])
- Abiraterone (Zytiga) (see Abiraterone, [[Abiraterone]]): due to mineralocorticoid excess
- Diuretics
- Bumetanide (Bumex) (see Bumetanide, [[Bumetanide]])
- Ethacrynic Acid (Edecrin) (see Ethacrynic Acid, [[Ethacrynic Acid]])
- Furosemide (Lasix) (see Furosemide, [[Furosemide]])
Extra-Renal Potassium Loss
- Diarrhea (see Diarrhea, [[Diarrhea]])
Other
- Afatinib (Gilotrif) (see Afatinib, [[Afatinib]])
- Barium Intoxication (see Barium, [[Barium]]): in the setting of ingestion, inhalation, or burns
- Ceftaroline (Teflaro, Zinfloro) (see Ceftaroline, [[Ceftaroline]])
- Sorafenib (Nexavar) (see Sorafenib, [[Sorafenib]])
Clinical Manifestations
Cardiovascular Manifestations
Atrioventricular Heart Blocks
- First Degree Atrioventricular Block (see First Degree Atrioventricular Block, [[First Degree Atrioventricular Block]])
- Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach) (see Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type I, [[Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type I]])
- Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type II (see Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type II, [[Second Degree Atrioventricular Block-Mobitz Type II]])
-
Third Degree Atrioventricular Block (see Third Degree Atrioventricular Block, [[Third Degree Atrioventricular Block]])
-
Arrhythmias
- Orthostatic Hypotension (see Orthostatic Hypotension, [[Orthostatic Hypotension]])
- Flattened T-Waves
- S-T Depression
- U-Waves
Neurologic Manifestations
- Weakness (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
- Tetany
- Fatigue (see Fatigue, [[Fatigue]])
- Parasthesias (see Parasthesias, [[Parasthesias]])
- Hyporeflexia (see Hyporeflexia, [[Hyporeflexia]])
- Muscle Cramps
- Restless Legs
- Paralysis
- Rhabdomyolysis (see Rhabdomyolysis, [[Rhabdomyolysis]])
Metabolic Manifestations
- Worsened Hepatic Encephalopathy (see Hepatic Encephalopathy, [[Hepatic Encephalopathy]])
- Glucose Intolerance (see Hyperglycemia, [[Hyperglycemia]])
Gastroenterologic Manifestations
- Ileus (see Ileus, [[Ileus]])
Renal Manifestations
- Metabolic Alkalosis (see Metabolic Alkalosis, [[Metabolic Alkalosis]])
- Polyuria (see Polyuria, [[Polyuria]])
- Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Treatment
In Presence of Alkalosis/Normal Acid-Base Status
- Potassium Chloride (KCL) (see Potassium Chloride, [[Potassium Chloride]]): max rate of 10 mEq/hr IV through CVC (on monitor)
In Presence of Metabolic Acidosis
- Potassium Citrate (see Potassium Citrate, [[Potassium Citrate]])
- Potassium Bicarbonate (see Potassium Bicarbonate, [[Potassium Bicarbonate]])
References
- xxx