Relationship Between Various Obstructive Lung Diseases
- Key Points
- Classical Obstructive Lung Diseases, Such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma, May or May Not Demonstrate Obstruction
- Obstruction (with Wheezing, etc) Can Also Be Variably Present in Other Airway and Lung Diseases
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/VENN3.png)
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/DARK-BAR2.png)
Upper Airway Obstruction
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/OBSTRUCTIVE-LUNG-DISEASE-UA6.png)
Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility (BVFI) (see Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility)
Cricoarytenoid Arthritis (see Cricoarytenoid Arthritis)
- Primary Rheumatologic Disease
- Ankylosing Spondylitis (see Ankylosing Spondylitis)
- Gout (see Gout)
- Reiter’s Syndrome (see Reiter’s Syndrome)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
- Rheumatoid Nodules May Occur in the Soft Tissues Surrounding the Cricoarytenoid Joint
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
- Other
- Cricoarytenoid Joint Ankylosis Due to Prior Streptococcal Infection (see Streptococcus)
- Crohn’s Disease (see Crohn’s Disease)
- External Trauma to Cricoarytenoid Joint
- Internal Trauma Due to Endotracheal Tube-Related Injury to the Cricoarytenoid Joint
- Manifestations
- Anterior or Posterior Arytenoid Displacement
- Posterior Dislocation Resulting from Extubation with a Partially Inflated Endotracheal Tube Cuff
- Arytenoid Chondritis Secondary to Prolonged Endotracheal Intubation
- Manifestations
- Mumps-Associated Laryngeal Arthritis (see Mumps Virus)
- Radiation Therapy Injury to Cricoarytenoid Joint (see Radiation Therapy)
- Tietze’s Syndrome (see Tietze’s Syndrome)
Laryngeal Inflammation
- Amyloidosis (see Amyloidosis)
- Bullous Pemphigoid of Upper Airway (see Bullous Pemphigoid)
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (see Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener’s Granulomatosis) (see Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
- Relapsing Polychondritis (see Relapsing Polychondritis)
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
- Syphilis (see Syphilis)
- Clinical
- May Be Acute or Progressive
- Clinical
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
Laryngospasm (see Laryngospasm)
- Aspiration Event (see Aspiration Pneumonia)
- Epidemiology
- Associated with Intubation for Mechanical Ventilation (see Invasive Mechanical Ventilation-General)
- Associated with Procedural Sedation (see Sedation)
- Epidemiology
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (see Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
- Chlorine Gas/Aerosol Inhalation (see Chlorine)
- General Anesthesia (see General Anesthesia)
- Epidemiology
- Laryngospasm Typically Occurs on Emergence from General Anesthesia
- Epidemiology
- Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia)
- Post-Extubation
- Organophosphate Intoxication (see Organophosphates-Carbamates)
- Physiology
- Nicotinic Effects Cause Laryngospasm
- Physiology
Neurologic Disease/Dysfunction Involving the Vocal Folds
- Alport Syndrome (see Alport Syndrome)
- Epidemiology
- Case Report Involved a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease, Postoperative from Surgery with Large Amount of Blood Loss and Possible Impaired Perfusion to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves (with Ischemic Injury) During the Case
- Epidemiology
- Altered Mental Status with Inability to Protect Upper Airway
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (see Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
- Arnold-Chiari Malformation
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (see Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (see Diabetes Mellitus)
- Physiology
- Neuropathy Involving the Laryngeal Nerves
- Physiology
- Dystonic Reaction of Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Muscles (see Dystonic Reaction of Pharyngeal+Laryngeal Muscles): typically acute
- Essential Tremor (see Essential Tremor)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Hydrocephalus (see Hydrocephalus)
- Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia)
- Hypokalemia (see Hypokalemia)
- Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis (see Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis)
- Idiopathic Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
- Laryngeal/Tracheal Fracture (with Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury) (see Tracheobronchial Fracture)
- Lyme Disease (see Lyme Disease)
- Physiology
- Neuropathy Involving the Laryngeal Nerves
- Physiology
- Mediastinal Mass/Lymphadenopathy (with Compression of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves)see Mediastinal Mass)
- Meningomyelocele
- Mobius Syndrome
- Myasthenia Gravis (see Myasthenia Gravis)
- Paclitaxel (Taxol) (see Paclitaxel)
- Physiology
- Neuropathy Involving the Laryngeal Nerves
- Physiology
- Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion (Vocal Cord Dysfunction) (see Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion)
- Clinical
- Typically acute
- Clinical
- Parkinson’s Disease (see Parkinson’s Disease)
- Clinical
- May Be Acute (Particularly in the Postoperative Setting) or Progressive
- Clinical
- Postpolio Syndrome (see Poliomyelitis)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
- Physiology
- Arteritis of Vasa Vasorum of Recurrent Laryngeal/Vagus Nerves
- Physiology
- Shy-Drager Syndrome
- Synkinesis of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
- Physiology
- Neuropathy Involving the Laryngeal Nerves
- Physiology
- Vincristine (see Vincristine)
- Physiology
- Neuropathy Involving the Laryngeal Nerves
- Physiology
Developmental Abnormality or Neoplasm the Involving Vocal Folds
- Angioma
- Carcinoma
- Cervical Node Metastases (with Extrinsic Compression of Upper Airway)
- Thyroid Cancer (see Thyroid Cancer)
- Head and Neck Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma (see Head and Neck Cancer)
- Chondroma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Congenital Laryngeal Malformation
- Cystic Hygroma
- Granuloma
- Histiocytoma
- Lymphoma (see Lymphoma)
- Papilloma
- Polyp
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (see Rhabdomyosarcoma)
- Thyroid Cancer (see Thyroid Cancer)
- Tracheal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (see Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma)
Intubation Injury to Vocal Folds (see Endotracheal Tube-Associated Laryngeal Injury)
- Acute
- Arytenoid Dislocation
- Excessive Endotracheal Cuff Pressure with Compression of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Where It Enters the Larynx
- Hyperextension of Neck with Vagus Nerve Injury
- Larygneal Mask Airway (LMA)-Related Injury
- Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury Due to Anterior Thyroid Cartilage Displacement (Relative to the Cricoid Cartilage)
- Chronic
- Excessive Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure with Compression of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Where It Enters the Larynx
- Posterior Glottic Stenosis (PGS): due to prolonged or traumatic intubation
- Vocal Cord Granuloma
Mechanical/Iatrogenic Injury to Vocal Folds
- Nasogastric Tube Syndrome (see Nasogastric Tube Syndrome)
- Epidemiology
- First Reported in 1981
- Risk Group
- Diabetic Renal Transplant Patients (Due to Prolonged Gastroparesis and Requirement for Nasogastric Tube Drainage)
- Epidemiology
- Proximal Esophageal Stent Placement (see Esophageal Stent)
Radiation Injury to Vocal Folds (see Radiation Therapy)
- Radiation-Induced Chondronecrosis of Larynx
- Radiation-Induced Fibrosis of the Cricoarytenoid Joint and/or Vocal Cords
- Radiation-Induced Injury to Cricoarytenoid Joint: see Cricoarytenoid Arthritis above
- Radiation Injury to Vocal Cords
Surgical Injury to Vocal Folds
- Anterior Cervical Disk Surgery
- Epidemiology
- Typically Results in Unilateral Injury (Which May Compromise the Upper Airway if Contralateral Side was Previously Injured)
- Epidemiology
- Brainstem Surgery
- Epidemiology
- May Result in Bilateral Injury
- Epidemiology
- Cardiac Surgery
- Carotid Endarterectomy
- Epidemiology
- Typically Results in Unilateral Injury (Which May Compromise the Upper Airway if Contralateral Side was Previously Injured)
- Epidemiology
- Endolaryngeal Surgery (Using Carbon Dioxide Laser)
- Epidemiology
- May Damage the Posterior Glottis
- Epidemiology
- Esophageal Surgery
- Epidemiology
- May Result in Bilateral Injury
- Epidemiology
- Thyroid Surgery
- Epidemiology
- Accounts for 48% of All Surgical Cases
- May Result in Bilateral Injury
- Epidemiology
- Parathyroid Surgery
- Epidemiology
- May Result in Bilateral Injury
- Epidemiology
- Tracheal Surgery
- Epidemiology
- May Result in Bilateral Injury
- Epidemiology
Other Upper Airway Disease
Infection
- Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Croup (see Croup)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Deep Neck Infection (see Deep Neck Infection)
- General Comments
- Typically Acute
- Peritonsillar Abscess (Involving Peritonsillar Space) (see Peritonsillar Abscess)
- Pretracheal Abscess (Involving Pretracheal Space) (see Pretracheal Abscess)
- Retropharyngeal Abscess (Involving Retropharyngeal Space) (see Retropharyngeal Abscess)
- Submandibular Space Abscess/Ludwig’s Angina (Involving Submandibular Space) (see Ludwig’s Angina)
- General Comments
- Diphtheria (see Diphtheria)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Epiglottitis (see Epiglottitis)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Syphilis (see Syphilis)
Miscellaneous
- Ammonia Inhalation (see Ammonia)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Anaphylaxis (see Anaphylaxis)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Angioedema (see Angioedema)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
- Congenital Small Cricoid Cartilage
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Esophageal Foreign Body
- Physiology
- Extrinsic Compression of Upper Airway
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Physiology
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (see Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Laryngeal Cyst/Laryngocele
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Laryngeal Rheumatoid Nodule (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Macroglossia
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Nasal Polyps (see Nasal Polyps)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) (see Obstructive Sleep Apnea)
- Epidemiology
- More Commonly Occurs in the Postoperative Setting*
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Epidemiology
- Strangulation/Near Hanging (see Near Hanging)
- Epidemiology
- In Non-Judicial Hangings (Where he Drop is <6.5-7.5 ft) and the Dens Does Not Fracture Off, Death Most Commonly Occurs Due to Pulmonary Complications
- Epidemiology
- Thermal Injury/Burns of Upper Airway (see Smoke Inhalation)
- Clinical
- May Be Acute
- Thermal injury is usually supraglottic (typically, laryngeal injury)
- Clinical
- Thyromegaly/Goiter (see Goiter)
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Tracheal Cyst
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Tracheomalacia (see Tracheobronchomalacia)
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Tonsillar/Adenoid Enlargement
- Clinical
- Typically Progressive
- Clinical
- Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis (see Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility)
- Clinical
- Typically Mild Upper Airway Obstruction
- Clinical
- Upper Airway Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body)
- Clinical
- Typically Acute
- Clinical
Tracheobronchial/Central Airway Obstruction (see Central Airway Obstruction)
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/OBSTRUCTIVE-LUNG-DISEASE-TB7.png)
Tracheobronchial Infection
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tracheobronchitis (see Herpes Simplex Virus)
- Klebsiella Rhinoscleroma (see Klebsiella Rhinoscleroma)
- Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (see Mycobacterium Avium Complex)
- Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis (see Tracheobronchial Aspergillosis)
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
Tracheobronchial Neoplasm
Primary Tracheobronchial Tumor
- Acinar Cell Carcinoma (see Acinar Cell Carcinoma)
- Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (see Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma)
- Bronchial Adenoma (see Bronchial Adenoma)
- Bronchial Cystadenoma (see Bronchial Cystadenoma)
- Bronchial Carcinoid (see Bronchial Carcinoid)
- Carcinosarcoma (see Carcinosarcoma)
- Chemodectoma (see Chemodectoma)
- Chondroma (see Chondroma)
- Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (see Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma)
- Fibroma (see Fibroma)
- Fibrous Histiocytoma or Xanthoma (see Fibrous Histiocytoma or Xanthoma)
- Glomus Tumor(see Glomus Tumor)
- Granular Cell Myoblastoma (see Granular Cell Myoblastoma)
- Hamartoma (see Hamartoma)
- Inflammatory Tracheobronchial Papilloma (see Inflammatory Tracheobronchial Papilloma)
- Leiomyoma (see Leiomyoma)
- Lipoma (see Lipoma)
- Lung Cancer (see Lung Cancer): common etiology
- Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis (see Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis)
- Malignant Myoepithelioma (see Malignant Myoepithelioma)
- Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (see Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma)
- Mucoid Pseudotumor (see Mucoid Pseudotumor)
- Multiple Laryngeal Papillomatosis (see Multiple Laryngeal Papillomatosis)
- Myxoma (see Myxoma)
- Neurofibroma (see Neurofibroma)
- Oncocytic Carcinoma
- Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma
- Plasma Cell Granuloma (see Plasma Cell Granuloma)
- Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin’s Disease (see Primary Pulmonary Hodgkins Disease)
- Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma (see Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma)
- Primary Pulmonary Melanoma (see Primary Pulmonary Melanoma)
- Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma (see Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma)
- Sebaceous Carcinoma (see Sebaceous Carcinoma)
- Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma (see Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma)
- Tracheal Chondrosarcoma (see Chondrosarcoma)
- Tracheal Squamous Cell Cancer (see Tracheal Squamous Cell Cancer)
Endobronchial Metastases (see also Lung Metastases-Endobronchial)
- Breast Cancer (see Breast Cancer)
- Cervical Cancer (see Cervical Cancer)
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) (see Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
- Colorectal Cancer (see Colorectal Cancer)
- Endometrioma (see Endometrioma)
- Esophageal Cancer (see Esophageal Cancer)
- Germ Cell Tumor (see Germ Cell Tumor)
- Head and Neck Cancer (see Head and Neck Cancer)
- Hodgkin’s Disease (see Hodgkins Disease)
- Kaposi Sarcoma (see Kaposi Sarcoma)
- Lymphoma (see Lymphoma)
- Melanoma (see Melanoma)
- Ovarian Cancer (see Ovarian Cancer)
- Plasmacytoma (see Multiple Myeloma])
- Renal Cell Cancer (see Renal Cancer)
- Sarcoma
- Testicular Cancer (see Testicular Cancer)
- Thymic Carcinoma (see Thymoma)
- Thyroid Cancer (see Thyroid Cancer)
- Urothelial Cell Carcinoma (Transitional Cell Carcinoma) (see Urothelial Cell Carcinoma)
- Bladder Cancer (see Bladder Cancer)
- Renal Cancer (see Renal Cancer)
- Ureteral Cancer (see Ureteral Cancer)
- Urethral Cancer (see Urethral Cancer])
Extrinsic Tracheobronchial Compression
- Enlarged Pulmonary Artery: extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
- Tetralogy of Fallot (see Tetralogy of Fallot): in infants and children
- Transposition of Great Vessles with Ventricular Septal Defect: in infants and children
- Granulomatous Mediastinitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis (see Granulomatous Mediastinitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis])
- Physiology: extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
- Mediastinal Mass (see Mediastinal Mass): extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
- Bulky Mediastinal or Peribronchial Lymphadenopathy
- Cancer
- Hodgkin’s Disease (see Hodgkin’s Disease)
- Lymphoma (see Lymphoma)
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis): involvement of mediastinal nodes may compress RML bronchus
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
- Mediastinal Tumor
- Bulky Mediastinal or Peribronchial Lymphadenopathy
- Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) (see Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm): extrinsic compression of tracheobronchial airways
- Thyroid Cancer/Thyromegaly/Goiter (see Goiter and Thyroid Cancer)
- Physiology: extrinsic compression of trachea
Other Tracheobronchial Obstructive Process
- Airway Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body)
- Blood Clot
- Epidemiology
- Airway Obstruction by Blood Clots Typically Occurs Following Significant Hemoptysis
- Epidemiology
- Bronchial Stenosis (see Bronchial Stenosis)
- Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (see Bronchocentric Granulomatosis)
- Broncholithiasis (see Broncholithiasis)
- Bronchopulmonary Amyloidosis (see Amyloidosis)
- Goiter
- Granulation Tissue
- Airway Foreign Body
- Airway Stent
- Endotracheal Tube
- Surgical Airway Anastomosis (see Lung Transplant)
- Tracheostomy Tube (see Tracheostomy)
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis) (see Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
- Hunter’s Syndrome
- Physiology
- Due to Tracheal Stenosis
- Physiology
- Hurler’s Syndrome
- Physiology
- Due to Tracheal Stenosis
- Physiology
- Mucous Plug (see Mucous Plug)
- Epidemiology
- Tracheobronchial Obstruction by Mucous Plugging is Common in Patients with Lung Disease and Infection in the Intensive Care Unit Setting
- Epidemiology
- Mucoid Impaction (see Mucoid Impaction)
- Physiology
- Tracheobronchial Obstruction
- Physiology
- Post-Extubation Tracheal Edema
- Post-Pneumonectomy Syndrome (see Post-Pneumonectomy Syndrome)
- Post-Radiation Therapy (see Radiation Therapy)
- Physiology
- Bronchial Granulation Tissue (or Stricture)
- Physiology
- Relapsing Polychondritis (see Relapsing Polychondritis)
- Physiology
- Endotracheal or Endobronchial Obstruction by Loss of Supporting Cartilage in Airways
- Physiology
- Saber Sheath Trachea (see Saber Sheath Trachea)
- Smoke Inhalation (see Smoke Inhalation)
- Physiology
- Tracheobronchial Mucosal Injury with Sloughing and Airway Obstruction
- Physiology
- Toxic Fume Airway Injury
- Physiology
- Tracheobronchial Mucosal Injury with Sloughing and Airway Obstruction
- Physiology
- Tracheal Cyst (see Tracheal Cyst)
- Tracheal Stenosis (see Tracheal Stenosis)
- Tracheal Trauma
- Tracheobronchial Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body)
- Tracheobronchial Fracture (see Tracheobronchial Fracture)
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula (see Tracheoesophageal Fistula)
- Tracheobronchomalacia (see Tracheobronchomalacia)
- Tracheobronchial Web
- Epidemiology
- Idiopathic
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
- Epidemiology
- Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (see Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica)
Other Airway Obstruction
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/OBSTRUCTIVE-LUNG-DISEASE-OTHER7.png)
Infection
- Scombroid (see Scombroid)
- Physiology
- Ingestion of Histamine-Contaminated Fish (or Swiss Cheese)
- Clinical
- Bronchospasm (Cough, Dyspnea, Wheezing) May Be Severe in Patients with Underlying Lung Disease
- Physiology
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tracheobronchitis (see Herpes Simplex Virus)
- Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (see Chlamydophila Pneumoniae)
Drug
- Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction (see Abacavir)
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (see Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)
- Epidemiology
- Rarely, May Exacerbate Bronchospasm
- Epidemiology
- Adenosine (see Adenosine)
- Epidemiology
- May Cause Brief Bronchospasm When Used in the Diagnosis of Arrhythmias
- Epidemiology
- Benzylisoquinolinium Neuromuscular Junction Antagonists (see Neuromuscular Junction Antagonists)
- Agents
- Alcuronium
- Atracurium (Tracrium) (see Atracurium)
- Cisatracurium (Nimbex) (see Cisatracurium)
- Doxacurium (see Doxacurium)
- Mivacurium (see Mivacurium)
- Tubocurarine
- Pharmacology
- Histamine Release-Mediated Bronchospasm
- Agents
- β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists (Beta Blockers) (see β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists)
- Bronchodilator Agents Which Have Been Associated with Paradoxical Bronchospasm
- Agents
- Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair) (see Aclidinium)
- Albuterol (Ventolin) (see Albuterol)
- Tiotropium (Spiriva) (see Tiotropium)
- Tiotropium + Olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) (see Tiotropium + Olodaterol)
- Agents
- Cetuximab (Erbitux) (see Cetuximab)
- Chronic Berylliosis (see Beryllium)
- Clinical
- May Present with a Sarcoidosis-Like Multisystem Disease: wheezing, etc
- Clinical
- Cytokine Release Syndrome (see Cytokine Release Syndrome): occurs with the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies
- Alemtuzumab (Campath, MabCampath, Campath-1H, Lemtrada) (see Alemtuzumab)
- Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) (see Anti-Thymocyte Globulin)
- Lenalidomide (Revlimid) (see Lenalidomide)
- Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) (see Muromonab-CD3)
- Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin, Oxaliplatin Medac) (see Oxaliplatin)
- Rituximab (Rituxan) (see Anti-CD20 Therapy)
- Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) (see Tisagenlecleucel)
- Gemcitabine (Gemzar) (see Gemcitabine)
- Interferon-α (see Interferon)
- Mitomycin C (Mutamycin) (see Mitomycin)
- N-Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote, Fluimucil, Parvolex) (see N-Acetylcysteine):
- Epidemiology
- Bronchospasm Has Been Associated with Inhaled and Oral Administration
- Epidemiology
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) (see Nitrofurantoin)
- Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) (see Ocrelizumab)
- Epidemiology
- Bronchospasm May Occur as a Manifestation of Infusion Reaction
- Epidemiology
- Opiates (see Opiates)
- Agents
- Codeine (see Codeine): codeine causes histamine release
- Fentanyl (see Fentanyl)
- Meperidine (Demerol) (see Meperidine) : meperidine causes histamine release
- Morphine (see Morphine): morphine causes histamine release
- Agents
- Paclitaxel (Taxol) (see Paclitaxel)
- Panitumumab (Vectibix) (see Panitumumab)
- Rasburicase (Elitek) (see Rasburicase)
- Ribavirin (Copegus, Moderiba, Rebetol, RibaPak, Ribasphere, RibaTab) (see Ribavirin)
- Epidemiology
- Aerosolized Ribavirin May Cause Bronchospasm
- Epidemiology
- Teniposide (Vumon) (see Teniposide)
- Trastuzumab (Herceptin) (see Trastuzumab)
- Vinblastine (Velban) (see Vinblastine)
- Zanamivir (Relenza) (see Zanamivir): inhalational
Toxin
- Acetic Acid Inhalation (see Acetic Acid)
- Ammonia Inhalation (see Ammonia)
- Bromine Inhalation/Methyl Bromide Inhalation (see Bromine-Methyl Bromide)
- Chlorine Gas/Aerosol Inhalation (see Chlorine)
- Chloropicrin Gas Inhalation (see Chloropicrin Gas)
- Cholinergic Intoxication (see Cholinergic Intoxication)
- Cigua Toxin Poisoning (see Cigua Toxin Poisoning)
- Organophosphate/Carbamate Intoxication (see Organophosphates-Carbamates)
- Scorpion Sting (see Scorpion Sting)
- Associated Scorpion Species
- Centuroides Exilicauda (Sculpuratus)
- Centuroides Suffusus
- Associated Scorpion Species
- Toxic Mushrooms (see Toxic Mushrooms)
- Associated Mushrooms
- Boletus Calopus
- Clitocybe Dealbata
- Clitocybe Illudens
- Inocybe Fastigiata
- Toxin: muscarine acts at muscarinic receptors in autonomic nervous system
- Associated Mushrooms
- Chromic Acid Inhalation (see Chromic Acid)
- Diborane Gas Inhalation (see Diborane Gas)
- Dinitrogen Tetroxide Inhalation (see Dinitrogen Tetroxide)
- Hydrofluoric Acid Inhalation (see Hydrofluoric Acid)
- Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Inhalation (see Hydrogen Sulfide Gas)
- Metal Fume Fever (see Metal Fume Fever)
- Methamphetamine (see Methamphetamine)
- Methyl Isocyanate Inhalation (see Methyl Isocyanate)
- Methyl Isothiocyanate Inhalation (see Methyl Isothiocyanate)
- Neurotoxic Shellfish Inhalation (see Neurotoxic Shellfish)
- Epidemiology
- Risk of Airway Obstruction is Highest in Patients with Asthma and Chronic Lung Disease
- Physiology
- Inhalation of Aerosolized Brevetoxins
- Epidemiology
- Nitric Acid Inhalation (see Nitric Acid)
- Nitrogen Dioxide Inhalation (see Nitrogen Dioxide)
- Ozone Inhalation (see Ozone)
- Phosgene Gas Inhalation (see Phosgene Gas)
- Phosphine Gas Inhalation (see Phosphine Gas)
- Polymer Fume Fever (see Polymer Fume Fever)
- Smoke Inhalation (see Smoke Inhalation)
- Sulfur Dioxide Inhalation (see Sulfur Dioxide)
- Sulfuric Acid Inhalation (see Sulfuric Acid)
- Sulfur Mustard Gas Inhalation (see Sulfur Mustard Gas)
- Tear Gas Inhalation (see Tear Gas)
- VX Nerve Agent (see VX Nerve Agent)
- Zinc Chloride Gas Inhalation (Smoke Bomb Exposure) (see Zinc Chloride Gas)
Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia (PIE) Syndrome (see Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia)
- Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia)
- Acute Lung Transplant Rejection (Acute Cellular Lung Transplant Rejection) (see Acute Lung Transplant Rejection)
- Peripheral Eosinophilia May Occur with/without Pulmonary Infiltrates (as Acute Rejection May Be Detected by Surveillance Bronchoscopy with Transbronchial Biopsy Prior to the Development of Pulmonary Infiltrates)
- Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) (see Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis)
- Allergic Bronchopulmonary Candidiasis (see Candida)
- Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (see Bronchocentric Granulomatosis)
- Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia)
- Dirofilariasis (see Dirofilariasis)
- Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia (see Drug-Induced Pulmonary Eosinophilia)
- Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome (see Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome)
- Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Allergic Angiitis and Granulomatosis) (see Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (see Hypereosinophilic Syndrome)
- Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
- Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Loffler’s Syndrome) (see Simple Pulmonary Eosinophilia)
- Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (Occult Filariasis) (see Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia)
- Visceral Larva Migrans (see Visceral Larva Migrans)
- Other Infections
- Brucellosis (see Brucellosis)
- Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis)
- Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis)
- Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis)
- Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
- Mycobacterium Simiae (see Mycobacterium Simiae)
- Paragonimiasis (see Paragonimiasis)
- Schistosomiasis (see Schistosomiasis)
- Trichinosis (see Trichinosis)
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
Bronchiolitis Syndrome
- Bronchiolitis (see Bronchiolitis)
- Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) (see Bronchiolitis Obliterans)
- Follicular Bronchiolitis (see Follicular Bronchiolitis)
- Diffuse Panbronchiolitis (see Diffuse Panbronchiolitis)
Other
- Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) (see Acute Pulmonary Embolism)
- Air Embolism (see Air Embolism)
- Airway Foreign Body (see Airway Foreign Body)
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (see Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)
- Anaphylaxis (see Anaphylaxis)
- Asthma (see Asthma)
- Beta Thalassemia Major (see Thalassemias)
- Epidemiology
- Small Airway Obstructive Airway Defects May Occur (for Unclear Reasons)
- Diagnosis
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests): PFT defects correct with transfusion and do not correlate with the iron burden, blood counts, or the degree of hemolysis
- Epidemiology
- Bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis)
- Byssinosis (see Byssinosis)
- Cardiac Asthma (see Congestive Heart Failure)
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) (see Chronic Granulomatous Disease)
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (see Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (see Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema)
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) (see Common Variable Immunodeficiency)
- Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (see Cystic Fibrosis)
- Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH) (see Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia)
- Fabry Disease (see Fabry Disease)
- Foreign Body Granulomatosis (see Foreign Body Granulomatosis)
- Hypocalcemia (see Hypocalcemia)
- Isolated IgA Deficiency (see Isolated IgA Deficiency)
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (see Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis)
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)
- Earlier Nodular Disease: Normal PFT’s or Restrictive PFT’s with Decreased DLCO
- Later Cystic Disease: Obstruction (with Possible Bronchodilator Responsiveness) and Hyperinflation
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) (see Lymphangioleiomyomatosis)
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)
- Normal: 57% of cases
- Obstructive Pattern (see Obstructive Lung Disease): 34% of cases
- Mixed Pattern: 9% of cases
- Bronchodilator Responsiveness (β2 Agonists or Muscarinic Antagonists): 30% of cases (those with bronchodilator responsiveness have a lower baseline FEV1)
- Hyperinflation with Increased TLC: common
- Gas Trapping with Increased RV and RV/TLC Ratio: common
- Decreased DLCO (Although May Be Increased During Episodes of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage)
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)
- Marfan Syndrome (see Marfan Syndrome)
- Microscopic Polyangiitis (see Microscopic Polyangiitis)
- Mineral Dust Airway Disease
- Occupational Asthma (see Asthma-Occupational)
- Post-Infection Obstructive Airways Disease
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (see Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia)
- Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS) (see Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome)
- Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency (see Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency)
- Sjogren’s Syndrome (see Sjogrens Syndrome)
- Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome (see Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome)
- Tuberous Sclerosis (see Tuberous Sclerosis)
- Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests): Obstruction with Decreased DLCO and Preserved Lung Volumes
Diagnosis
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)
- xxxx
![](https://www.mdnxs.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/DARK-BAR2.png)
Clinical Manifestations
Pulmonary Manifestations
References
Etiology
- Assessment of upper airway anatomy in awake, sedated and anaesthetised patients using magnetic resonance imaging. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1994;22(2):165 [MEDLINE]
- Endobronchial nocardiosis. Eur Respir J. 1994 Oct;7(10):1903-5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.94.07101903 [MEDLINE]
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway. Effects of propofol anesthesia and nasal continuous positive airway pressure in humans. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(2):273 [MEDLINE]
- Peritonsillar abscess and infectious mononucleosis: an association or a different presentation of the same condition. Ir Med J. 1999;92(2):278 [MEDLINE]
- Endobronchial actinomycosis associated with foreign body: four cases and a review of the literature. Chest. 2002 Jun;121(6):2069-72. doi: 10.1378/chest.121.6.2069 [MEDLINE]
- Endobronchial pulmonary nocardiosis. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006 May;73(3):617-9 [MEDLINE]