Organophosphates/Carbamates


Epidemiology


Agents

Organophosphate Pesticides

Organophosphate Nerve Gases (Militarized Organophosphates)

Carbamate Pesticides

Medical Carbamates


Exposure

Routes of Exposure


Chemistry/Pharmacology

Chemistry

Organophosphates and Carbamates are Red Blood Cell Acteylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Clinical Effects

Metabolism


Diagnosis

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) (see Arterial Blood Gas, Arterial Blood Gas)

Urine Toxicology Screen

Chest X-Ray/Chest CT (see Chest X-Ray, Chest X-Ray and Chest Computed Tomography, Chest Computed Tomography)

Bronchoscopy (see Bronchoscopy, Bronchoscopy)

Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity (see Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity)

Plasma Pseudocholinesterase (see Plasma Pseudocholinesterase, Plasma Pseudocholinesterase)


Clinical Manifestaions

Acute Toxicity

General Comments

Cardiovascular Manifestations

Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Manifestations

Neurologic Manifestations

Pulmonary Manifestations

Other Manifestations

Intermediate (Neurologic) Toxicity

General Comments

Neurologic Manifestations

Delayed/Long-Term Neurologic Toxicity

Neurologic Manifestations

Chronic Organophosphate Exposure

Pulmonary Manifestations


Treatment of Acute Toxicity

Decontamination

Forced Emesis

Gastric Lavage (see Gastric Lavage, Gastric Lavage)

Activated Charcoal (see Activated Charcoal, Activated Charcoal)

Treatment of Seizures (see Seizures, Seizures)

Atropine (see Atropine, Atropine)

Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent) (see Ipratropium Bromide, Ipratropium Bromide)

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) (see Pralidoxime, Pralidoxime)

Respiratory Support

Corticosteroids (see Corticosteroids, Corticosteroids)


Prognosis


References