Tracheobronchomalacia


Epidemiology

History

Demographics

Conditions Associated with Tracheobronchomalacia


Etiology of Tracheobronchomalacia

Congenital (Primary) Tracheobronchomalacia

General Comments

Congenital Abnormalities of Cartilage

Congenital Anomalies Associated with Tracheobronchomalacia

Congenital Syndromes Associated with Tracheobronchomalacia

Other

Acquired (Secondary) Tracheobronchomalacia

General Comments

Chronic Extrinsic Tracheal Compression

Trauma

Other


Physiology

Definitions

Normal Tracheal Function

Tracheomalacia

Clinical Classification Based on Appearance

Clinical Classification Based on General Distribution

Clinical Classification Based on Specific Anatomic Distribution

Bronchomalacia

Tracheobronchomalacia


Diagnosis

Chest X-Ray (see Chest X-Ray)

Dynamic Chest CT (see Chest Computed Tomography)

Dynamic MRI During Forced Expiration/Cough

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT’s) (see Pulmonary Function Tests)

Bronchoscopy (see Bronchoscopy)


Clinical Manifestations of Tracheobronchomalacia

General Comments

Pulmonary Manifestations


Treatment

Infant Cases

General Measures

Optimization of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Management

Treatment of Relapsing Polychondritis (see Relapsing Polychondritis)

Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (see Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Silicone Tracheal/Bronchial Stents

Positive Pressure Therapy

Tracheostomy (see Tracheostomy)

Surgical Repair


References