Etiology

Gastrointestinal Disease

• Colonic Diverticulitis (see Diverticulitis)
• Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) (see Small Bowel Obstruction)
• xxx

Infection

• Ehrlichiosis (see Ehrlichiosis)
  • Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
  • Ehrlichia Ewingii Infection
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (see Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
• Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (see Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome): vomiting and diarrhea are common

Metabolic

• Hyponatremia (see Hyponatremia)
  • Epidemiology: nausea/vomiting is typically an early sign in hyponatremia, occuring when the serum sodium falls below 125-130 mEq/L
• Lactic Acidosis (see Lactic Acidosis)

Drug

• Abacavir (see Abacavir)
• Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (Aralast, Glassia, Prolastin, Zemaira) (see Alpha-1 Antitrypsin): occurs in 1.7-4.7% of cases
• Amiodarone (see Amiodarone)
• Azacitidine (5-Azacytidine, Vidaza) (see Azacitidine)
• Ceftaroline (Teflaro, Zinfloro) (see Ceftaroline)
• Chemotherapeutic Agents
  • Gemcitabine (Gemzar) (see Gemcitabine)
• Cytokine Release Syndrome (see Cytokine Release Syndrome)
• Digoxin Intoxication (see Digoxin)
• Eculizumab (Soliris) (see Eculizumab)
• Etomidate (Amidate) (see Etomidate)
• Metformin (see Metformin)
• N-Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote, Fluimucil, Parvolex) (see N-Acetylcysteine)
  • Associated with inhaled, oral, and intravenous administration
• Nivolumab (Opdivo) (see Nivolumab)
• Opiates (see Opiates)
  • Morphine (see Morphine)
  • Tramadol (Ultram) (see Tramadol)
• Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) (see Oseltamivir): nausea/vomiting occurs in 19% of cases
• Raltegravir (see Raltegravir)
• Risperidone (Risperdal) (see Risperidone)
• Theophylline Intoxication (see Theophylline)
• Tigecycline (see Tigecycline)

Toxin

• Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (see Tetrahydrocannabinol)
• Carboxyhemoglobinemia (see Carboxyhemoglobinemia)
• Cigua Toxin Poisoning (see Cigua Toxin Poisoning)
• Cyanide Intoxication (see Cyanide)
• Ethylene Glycol Intoxication (see Ethylene Glycol)
• Euphorbia Pulcherrima (Poinsettia) (see Euphorbia Pulcherrima): with ingestion of plant
• Hydrogen Sulfide Gas (see Hydrogen Sulfide Gas)
• Methamphetamine Intoxication (see Methamphetamine)
• Poisonous Lizard Bite (see Poisonous Lizard Bite)
• Scombroid (see Scombroid)
• Scorpion Sting (see Scorpion Sting)
  • Centuroides Vittatus
• Serotonin Syndrome (see Serotonin Syndrome)
• Widow Spider Bite (see Widow Spider Bite)

Other

• Acute Graft vs Host Disease (see Graft vs Host Disease)
• Anaphylaxis (see Anaphylaxis)
• Serum Sickness (see Serum Sickness)
• xxx

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Treatment (Anti-Emetics)

Lorazepam (Ativan) (see Lorazepam)

• xxxx

Prochlorperazine (Compazine) (see Prochlorperazine)

• xxx

Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists (see Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists)

• Agents
  • Dolasetron (Anzemet) (see Dolasetron)
  • Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso) (see Granisetron)
  • Metoclopramide (Reglan) (see Metoclopramide)
    • Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist (see Dopamine Receptor Antagonists): at low dose
      • Central Dopamine D2 Receptors: located in the central nervous system chemoreceptor trigger zone
      • Peripheral Dopamine D2 Receptors
    • Mixed Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist and Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonist (see Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists, [[Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists]]): at high dose
    • Enhances Acetylcholine Release and Stimulates Cholinergic Receptors on Gastric Smooth Muscle
  • Ondansetron (Zofran) (see Ondansetron)
  • Tropisetron (Navoban)

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References

• American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jan;120(1):261-3 [MEDLINE]